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Prostatic Hypertrophy/Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH)
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
The prostate is a walnut-shaped gland located between the bladder and the penis. An enlarged prostate, which can cause problems with urination, is termed prostatic hypertrophy or benign prostatic hypertrophy. BPH is the most common prostate problem in men older than age 50 while prostatitis is the most common prostate problem in men younger than age 50.
Paper 1
Published in Aalia Khan, Ramsey Jabbour, Almas Rehman, nMRCGP Applied Knowledge Test Study Guide, 2021
Aalia Khan, Ramsey Jabbour, Almas Rehman
Which of the following is not a recommended investigation when assessing benign prostatic hypertrophy? Serum PSARenal ultrasoundDigital rectal examinationUrinalysisSerum urea and electrolytes
The Reproductive System and Its Disorders
Published in Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss, Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss
Besides preventing conception by inducing male infertility, vasectomy is also performed in association with prostatectomy (removal of the prostate), usually when removing a tumor rather than benign hypertrophic tissue. For the removal of a tumor, a prostatectomy may be performed through an incision through the peritoneum, but the more common procedure for benign prostatic hypertrophy is currently a transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP).
Prostate cancer biomarkers: a practical review based on different clinical scenarios
Published in Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 2022
Ugo Giovanni Falagario, Francesca Sanguedolce, Zach Dovey, Umberto Carbonara, Fabio Crocerossa, George Papastefanou, Riccardo Autorino, Marco Recchia, Antonella Ninivaggi, Gian Maria Busetto, Pasquale Annese, Giuseppe Carrieri, Luigi Cormio
PSA density (PSAd) is a readily available and increasingly used parameter expressed as the PSA value (in ng/mL) divided by prostate volume (in CC). PSAd potentially identifies patients who do not have PCa but have an elevated PSA secondary to benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) [17]. The utility of volume and BPH parameters to predict biopsy results is well established in the literature [18–20] and several studies have shown that adding volume to the SOC clinical parameters improves the accuracy of risk calculators predicting PCa and clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa) [21]. The optimal cutoff of PSAd to suggest a prostate biopsy is still unclear [11]. A PSAd cutoff of 0.15 ng/mL2 was suggested in previous studies [22]. However, Nordström et al. [23] showed that a PSAd cutoff of 0.10 and 0.15 ng/mL2 resulted in detection of only 77% and 49% of csPCa, respectively. Conversely, omitting prostate biopsy for men with PSAd ≤ 0.07 ng/mL2 would save 19.7% of biopsy procedures while missing 6.9% of csPCa.
An update on our ability to monitor castration-resistant prostate cancer dynamics with cell-free DNA
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2021
Vincenza Conteduca, Nicole Brighi, Donato Conteduca, Sara Bleve, Caterina Gianni, Giuseppe Schepisi, Maria Laura Iaia, Giorgia Gurioli, Cristian Lolli, Ugo De Giorgi
Cell-free DNA is fragmented extracellular DNA detectable in plasma and originating by the processes of necrosis or apoptosis of both tumor and normal cells [26]. Following necrosis or apoptosis, cells are digested by phagocytes, resulting in the release of nuclear material in the circulation. It has been reported that tumor-derived cfDNA has a shorter length than cfDNA originating from normal cells. The length of cfDNA fragments deriving from necrosis occurring in tumor cells ranges from 160–180 bps, which corresponds to mono-nucleosomal DNA. On the other hand, cfDNA released by apoptosis of non-tumoral cells is usually larger (up to 2000 bps) [26–28]. These differences may allow identifying cancer-derived fragments and therefore distinguishing more accurately than other methods tumors from benign conditions (such as benign prostate hypertrophy) [29]. In healthy volunteers, cfDNA is derived mostly from hematopoietic cells, with a median of <5 ng/ml [30] while in patients affected by solid tumors cfDNA concentrations are much higher, especially in patients with mCRPC where cfDNA can reach up to 53 ng/ml [31].
Antimicrobial pharmacokinetics and preclinical in vitro models to support optimized treatment approaches for uncomplicated lower urinary tract infections
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2021
Iain J. Abbott, Jason A. Roberts, Joseph Meletiadis, Anton Y. Peleg
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) annually affect 150 million people, with significant medical and financial implications [1–4]. More than 1-in-10 women report a UTI within the past year [5]. The incidence in premenopausal sexually active women is 0.5–0.7 cases/person-year [6]. For postmenopausal women, important risk factors are mechanical and physiological changes affecting bladder emptying [7]. Other risk factors include voiding abnormalities, diabetes, neurogenic bladder, pregnancy, obesity, renal tract calculi, prostate hypertrophy, urethral stents and indwelling catheters [8]. This review examines urinary pharmacokinetics (PK) of oral antimicrobial agents recommended for the treatment of uncomplicated UTIs in adults. We discuss how in vitro PK/pharmacodynamic (PD) models can be designed to inform optimized therapy (Figure 1) [9,10].