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Renal calculi
Published in Mark Davenport, James D. Geiger, Nigel J. Hall, Steven S. Rothenberg, Operative Pediatric Surgery, 2020
Eleni Papageorgiou, Naima Smeulders
Bladder stones can be dealt with in a variety of ways, including open cystolithotomy or by minimally invasive techniques either per urethra/per Mitrofanoff or percutaneously by PCCL. Endourological procedures afford a reduced length of stay and similar procedural time as open cystolithotomy with 90% stone clearance.
Urolithiasis
Published in Manit Arya, Taimur T. Shah, Jas S. Kalsi, Herman S. Fernando, Iqbal S. Shergill, Asif Muneer, Hashim U. Ahmed, MCQs for the FRCS(Urol) and Postgraduate Urology Examinations, 2020
Thomas Johnston, James Armitage, Oliver Wiseman
Certain conditions predispose to bladder calculi formation in the adult population. Bladder outflow obstruction leading to incomplete bladder emptying and urinary stasis is a common cause of bladder stones and was once considered an absolute indication for bladder outflow surgery. However, a recent study that evaluated men with bladder calculi using pressure-flow studies found that only about half had bladder outflow obstruction [13]. Moreover, these findings were maintained even after stone surgery suggesting that the presence of the stone within the bladder did not affect the urodynamics results. Patients with long-term indwelling catheters, spinal cord injury patients and those with enteric bladder augmentations are also at higher risk of bladder calculi.
Abdomen and pelvis cases
Published in Lt Col Edward Sellon, David C Howlett, Nick Taylor, Radiology for Medical Finals, 2017
Faye Cuthbert, Amanda Jewison, Olwen Westerland
The complications associated with renal calculi are:Infection of the obstructed kidney and resultant septicaemia.Rupture of the renal pelvis.Renal impairment.Stone build up resulting in staghorn calculus and nonfunctioning kidney (Figure 7.7E). • Bladder stones and associated complications including recurrent cystitis and urinar y frequency.Chronic irritation of urothelium, squamous metaplasia, and malignancy.
Unexpected foreign body in the bladder of a spinal cord injured patient: A case report
Published in The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 2019
Alper Mengi, Belgin Erhan, Belgin Kara, Ebru Yilmaz Yalcinkaya
Complications, such as UTIs, scrotal complications (such as epididymitis and epididymo-orchitis), urethral stricture, urethral bleeding, urethral false passage, perineal abscess, and bladder stone, may be seen in patients who perform CIC.3 Bladder stones are common complications in SCI patients. Linsenmeyer et al.4 reported that bladder stones are the second most common urological complications in SCI patients. The incidence of stones in the bladder may be related to the method of bladder drainage. Ord et al.5 reported that the incidence of absolute annual risk of bladder stone in patients with SCI was 4% for those with indwelling urethral or suprapubic catheterization, whereas it was 0.2% in patients using intermittent self-catheterization. In a study, Bartel et al.4 reported that the risk of bladder stone incidence in patients with reflex micturition or using intermittent catheterization was lower than patients using permanent catheters. In the same study, the possibility of bladder stone recurrence was also higher in patients using permanent catheters. Although the risk of intra-bladder stone formation is reduced by CIC, bladder stones should be kept in mind first when foreign bodies detected in the bladder.
Urolithiasis in immigrant groups: a nationwide cohort study in Sweden
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Urology, 2019
Per Wändell, Axel C. Carlsson, Xinjun Li, Danijela Gasevic, Jan Sundquist, Kristina Sundquist
Urolithiasis is a global problem. Historically, bladder stones have been known and treated since long ago, even if renal stones are more common nowadays [3]. However, the incidence and prevalence of kidney stones in particular are increasing globally [4], including in subgroups of sex, race, and age [5]. The figures of prevalence and incidence of urolithiasis in different regions and countries of the world do differ, with traditionally higher rates in the Western world [6], but there are large differences in the estimated levels even within countries, at least partly depending on methodological issues. Urolithiasis is more common among men than women [6,7], and background dietary risk factors for urolithiasis also differ by age and sex [6]. The global rise in especially kidney stones may be due to different factors [7], such as aging populations, changes in diet, and global warming [8], but also with higher registering of events owing to the use of more accurate diagnostic tools. In many non-Western countries, a shift to more Western diet habits seem to contribute to the changes [7], thus paralleling the increase in e.g. diabetes prevalence.
Catheter-associated urinary tract infections in persons with neurogenic bladders
Published in The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 2018
Another important consideration when treating a bladder infection is the possibility of a bladder stone, especially in the presence of an indwelling catheter. The likelihood of a bladder or kidney stone is greater if the urine culture is positive for urease-producing bacteria (e.g., Proteus), in persons with persistent UTIs with alkaline urine, or when there is blockage or encrustation of the catheter. Most of these stones are composed of magnesium ammonium phosphate (most common) or calcium phosphate (second most common). When a stone is suspected, the workup should include cystoscopy and imaging of the upper urinary tracts. The urease-producing bacteria cannot be completely eradicated until the individual is free of stones.