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Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
An infection anywhere in the kidneys, ureters, bladder, or urethra is a urinary tract infection. This is divided into infections of the upper tract (i.e., kidneys and/or ureters) or lower tract (i.e., bladder, also known as cystitis, and/or urethra). Women are at greater risk of developing a UTI and it is most common in young sexually active women and women over 65 years. Typical UTI symptoms include dysuria, urinary urgency and frequency, dark or cloudy or bloody urine, strong-smelling urine, and fever or chills.
Pregnancy, urinary tract infections and antibiotics
Published in Peri J. Ballantyne, Kath Ryan, Living Pharmaceutical Lives, 2021
Flavia Ghouri, Amelia Hollywood, Kath Ryan
Pregnancy is the period in which a foetus grows and develops inside a woman’s body. The normal duration of a pregnancy is nine months or about 40 weeks. It is a physiological state in which women go through a number of physical and emotional changes. The physical changes can be accompanied by uncomfortable symptoms such as nausea or vomiting and cause women to seek medical support and advice. Among the many different types of health problems experienced during pregnancy, one common condition that can affect women is an infection of the urinary tract. A urinary tract infection (UTI) is normally caused by transfer of bacteria from the gut into the genitourinary tract where they can multiply and cause an infection (Flores-Mireles, Walker, Caparon, & Hultgren, 2015). Behaviours such as not drinking adequate water or wiping the genitals from back to front after urination are associated with developing urinary infections (Ghouri, Hollywood, & Ryan, 2018). UTIs are among the most frequently occurring infections in pregnancy and cause symptoms such as increased frequency of urination and burning pain when passing urine (Delzell & Lefevre, 2000). Infections can also be asymptomatic, however, meaning that bacteria can infect the urinary tract without any outward signs or symptoms.
Commensal Flora
Published in Firza Alexander Gronthoud, Practical Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2020
With new molecular techniques, it has now been found that the urinary tract has its own commensal flora. The most common cause of urinary tract infections are Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. In patients with an indwelling catheter, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and enterococci are more frequently seen.
Modified Zhibai Dihuang pill alleviated urinary tract infection induced by extended-spectrum β-lactamase Escherichia coli in rats by regulating biofilm formation
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2023
Kaifa Chen, Yongsheng Zhu, Hongwei Su, Hao Jiang, Xin Liu
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are infectious diseases caused by the abnormal reproduction of various pathogenic microorganisms in the urinary tract (Gupta et al. 2017). Complicated UTIs often lead to prolonged infection and eventually cause renal function damage and serious health hazards (Tandogdu and Wagenlehner 2016; Millner and Becknell 2019). Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is a typical bacterial UTI pathogen (Herrmann et al. 2002). Various virulence factors in the pathological group of UPEC provide more opportunities for bacterial survival (Behzadi et al. 2020). Currently, the main intervention measures for the clinical treatment of UTI are antibacterial drugs (Flores-Mireles et al. 2019). Approximately 60% of antibiotics are β-lactams, which have various chemical structures and are often used to treat different types of bacterial infectious diseases (Behzadi et al. 2020). The application of antimicrobials has led to β-lactamase production, resulting in drug-resistant bacterial strains (Issakhanian and Behzadi 2019). In a clinical study, 86% of ESBL-producing strains were isolated from UPEC, and there was neither a pattern of resistance nor ESBL production in UTI (Khonsari et al. 2021). The presence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBLs) E. coli makes the most common antimicrobial agent less effective in treating UTIs (Zowawi et al. 2015). Therefore, there is an urgent clinical need for alternative treatment options that target UTI pathogenesis.
Clinical trials for neuroregenerative therapies for spinal cord injury: what have we learnt so far?
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2023
Raymond Wong, Nader Hejrati, Michael G. Fehlings
Second, older patients are more likely to experience complications after surgery and during rehabilitation [77]. Thus, clinical studies should investigate how to enhance the various strategies of the treatment protocol that can help reduce such complications, including: 1) pre-operative optimization to ensure that underlying medical problems are sufficiently managed (e.g. comorbidities such as heart disease or diabetes, nutritional and hydration status); 2) early mobilization and rehabilitation to prevent common surgical complications (e.g. pneumonia, deep vein thrombosis); 3) nutritional support to ensure adequate calories and protein to facilitate wound healing and prevent muscle wasting; 4) prevention of pressure ulcers via approaches such as regular repositioning, skin care, and using pressure-relieving devices; and 5) pain management via both pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches to encourage engagement in rehabilitation [78]. For example, urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a major problem particularly among older patients with SCI. It would be important to assess the currently used prevention strategies to reduce the incidence of UTI in this cohort of patients, which include a combination of proper bladder management, catheterization management, hydration, hygiene, use of antibiotic prophylaxis, and urine culture monitoring [79].
Ubrogepant and rimegepant: systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression of clinical studies
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 2023
Guojun Dong, Naoko Adachi Kjærgaard, Saeed Shakibfar, Maurizio Sessa
Compared with ubrogepant, there are generally more associations related to infectious diseases, i.e. upper respiratory tract infection and urinary tract infection, which have significant correlations with the covariates. More specifically, age and female gender were significantly and positively correlated with upper respiratory tract and/or urinary tract infections, respectively. These correlations are not surprising as age is known to be a strong predictor of upper respiratory infection [38]. Similarly, it is also well-recognized in the scientific literature that women have an increased risk of urinary tract infections [39]. As mentioned above, it has been suggested that CGRP has an immune-regulatory role [30], and thereby ubrogepant might have influenced the immune system, together with age and gender. The other associations identified in this study they did not seem to have a big impact considering the risk estimates.