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Urethritis
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Urethritis is inflammation and swelling of the urethra, the structure that transports urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. Pain or burning with urination is the main symptom of urethritis along with increased urinary frequency and/or urgency. The urethral opening is typically red due to inflammation. Urethritis can be caused by bacterial infections (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus or E. coli) and STDs (Neisseria gonorrhoeae, non-gonococcal urethritis, Chlamydia trachomatis, or Mycoplasma genitalium) and also by trauma or irritating chemicals (e.g., antiseptics or spermicides). In females, pelvic inflammatory disease and tubo-ovarian abscess are well-known complications. In males, complications such as epididymitis and prostatitis can occur.
Low Back Pain
Published in Benjamin Apichai, Chinese Medicine for Lower Body Pain, 2021
Low back pain is unilateral or bilateral, the pain is cramping and colicky in the lower back and perineum. Difficulty in urination with sand and stones, sudden interruption of micturition; dark yellow urine or possible hematuria in severe cases. Tongue is red with thin, yellow coating. Pulse is wiry and rapid.
Diagnosis and Treatment Model of the COVID-19 Rehabilitation Unit
Published in Wenguang Xia, Xiaolin Huang, Rehabilitation from COVID-19, 2021
Urinary tract infections are mainly secondary to COVID-19 patients who have been bedridden or have had indwelling catheters for a long time. The inflammation caused by the invasion of bacteria into the urothelium may be accompanied by bacteriuria and pyuria. Acute simple urinary tract infections mainly manifest as bladder irritation, such as frequent urination, urgency, and pain. In severe cases, urge incontinence, cloudy urine, and hematuria may occur. Once urinary tract infections occur, patients should promptly undergo blood routine examinations, routine urine examinations, urine bacterial cultures, and drug sensitivity tests to guide antibiotic treatment. Long-term indwelling urinary catheters should be avoided. For example, urinary catheters should be strictly aseptic to reduce the probability of urinary tract infection.
Association between dietary inflammatory index and urinary flow rate: a nationwide study, NHANES 2009–2016
Published in The Aging Male, 2023
Yifan Li, Shi Qiu, Xianghong Zhou, Boyu Cai, Sheng Wang, Xingyu Xiong, Kun Jin, Lu Yang, Qiang Wei
The mechanism of the urination reflex is complex, which is affected by nerve conduction, detrusor function, and the bladder outlet. In neuromodulation, related studies have found that when the expression of inflammatory factors in cell micro-environment is up-regulated, it can activate nuclear factorκB (NF-κB) pathway and induce cell apoptosis; on the other hand, inflammatory factors can stimulate nerve cells to start self-protection and repair mechanism, among which TNF -αand IL-6 can cause degeneration and demyelination of peripheral nerve axis, causing nerve conduction dysfunction [27,28]. In terms of muscle control, detrusor and pelvic floor muscles, which are the main muscles affecting urination. It has been reported that IL-1 can inhibit glucose transport and lactic acid production in muscle tissue, resulting in muscle metabolic disorders and inhibition of myoblast proliferation, fusion, and regeneration, finally leading to myasthenia [29]. Meanwhile, a recent study found that the weak urination strongly associated with the presence of lower muscle strength, which including both smooth muscle and skeletal muscle [24].
Physiotherapeutic assessment and management of overactive bladder syndrome: a case report
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2023
Bartlomiej Burzynski, Tomasz Jurys, Karolina Kwiatkowska, Katarzyna Cempa, Andrzej Paradysz
In ultrasound imaging using a convex transducer, the bladder volume was estimated at 380 ml and patient’s subjective feeling of bladder pressure was identified as 9. During examination, the patient presented correct phasic and tonic activity and elevation of the pelvic floor muscles. No retention of urine after urination was found. The length of the urethra, which was 2.5 cm, was measured using an endovaginal transducer. In the cough stress test, correct reaction of the urethra and activity of the musculus pubovaginalis and musculus puboanalis was observed, with no urine leakage and no depression of the lesser pelvic organs. In the per vaginum examination, the patient did not report any pain during palpation and showed correct phasic and tonic activity of the pelvic floor muscles. During palpation of the anterolateral abdominal wall area, the patient did not report pain symptoms in examined structures on the left side; however, on the right side, pain had decreased to 2/10 on the NRS. The superficial back line myofascial meridian was still painful on both the sides, but the patient defining the lower intensity of pain on the NRS, i.e. 5/10 on the left side and 4/10 on the right side. The patient also reported pain improvement during the lateral line assessment: on the NRS, the intensity of pain on both the left and the right side had decreased to 5/10. Palpation of the musculus piriformis did not trigger any pain symptoms. In view of the above, the physiotherapist recommended continuation of the individualized set of exercises and a further follow-up visit after about three months.
Antimicrobial pharmacokinetics and preclinical in vitro models to support optimized treatment approaches for uncomplicated lower urinary tract infections
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2021
Iain J. Abbott, Jason A. Roberts, Joseph Meletiadis, Anton Y. Peleg
Natural protection from UTI relies upon host-factors of the bladder, innate immunity, urine composition and urodynamics. In 1961, Cox and Hinman [18] published a series of in vitro and induced human bacteriuria experiments, demonstrating the bladder’s defense to infection. Increased fluid intake dilutes bacteria in the bladder and high-volume frequent urination can assist bacterial clearance. Under these dynamics, bacterial growth rate in urine is a critical factor. Urine, however, is depleted of nutrients and the low pH, high nitrates and high urea make it naturally antimicrobial. Moreover, it is an incredibly complex biological waste product, containing over 2000 different metabolites/chemicals [19]. Specific alterations in urinary composition in different patient populations (e.g. trauma patients, elderly, diabetes) can promote uropathogen growth [20–22]. Urinary antimicrobial peptides are additional defenses to bacterial infection [23,24].