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Urinary Tract Infections, Genital Ulcers and Syphilis
Published in Miriam Orcutt, Clare Shortall, Sarah Walpole, Aula Abbara, Sylvia Garry, Rita Issa, Alimuddin Zumla, Ibrahim Abubakar, Handbook of Refugee Health, 2021
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) refer to infections anywhere in the urinary tract – from asymptomatic bacteriuria to pyelonephritis. Uncomplicated UTI refers to infections in structurally normal urinary tracts, for example cystitis in women. Complicated UTIs include those with structurally abnormal urinary tracts (e.g. vesicoureteric reflux, obstructed, stented or medullary scars) or certain populations (e.g. men, pregnant women, children and catheterised patients).
Pregnancy, urinary tract infections and antibiotics
Published in Peri J. Ballantyne, Kath Ryan, Living Pharmaceutical Lives, 2021
Flavia Ghouri, Amelia Hollywood, Kath Ryan
Pregnancy is the period in which a foetus grows and develops inside a woman’s body. The normal duration of a pregnancy is nine months or about 40 weeks. It is a physiological state in which women go through a number of physical and emotional changes. The physical changes can be accompanied by uncomfortable symptoms such as nausea or vomiting and cause women to seek medical support and advice. Among the many different types of health problems experienced during pregnancy, one common condition that can affect women is an infection of the urinary tract. A urinary tract infection (UTI) is normally caused by transfer of bacteria from the gut into the genitourinary tract where they can multiply and cause an infection (Flores-Mireles, Walker, Caparon, & Hultgren, 2015). Behaviours such as not drinking adequate water or wiping the genitals from back to front after urination are associated with developing urinary infections (Ghouri, Hollywood, & Ryan, 2018). UTIs are among the most frequently occurring infections in pregnancy and cause symptoms such as increased frequency of urination and burning pain when passing urine (Delzell & Lefevre, 2000). Infections can also be asymptomatic, however, meaning that bacteria can infect the urinary tract without any outward signs or symptoms.
The patient with acute renal problems
Published in Peate Ian, Dutton Helen, Acute Nursing Care, 2020
One of the most common kidney infections is pyelonephritis. In many cases, this is caused by the spread of bacteria such as Escherichia coli from the gut and, as with most urinary tract infection, it is more commonly seen in females, due to the short urethra and the close proximity of the rectal and urethral openings. With pyelonephritis, the infection ascends into the bladder and then progresses to the ureters and eventually the kidneys, affecting the renal tubules and blood vessels. The symptoms are similar to those of all urinary tract infections, in that they may include increased urgency and frequency of urination, pyrexia, back pain, increased leucocytes in the blood, dysuria and cloudy urine, with bacteria present. If the infection becomes a chronic problem, scar tissue can form on the kidneys and lead to impaired function (McCance and Huether 2018). Once infection is established, treatment is required in order to prevent long-term renal damage. This includes increased fluid intake to ‘flush’ the system (instigated for most patients, unless there are specific reasons not to do so, such as fluid overload), antibiotic therapy and the prescription of antispasmodic drugs.
Modified Zhibai Dihuang pill alleviated urinary tract infection induced by extended-spectrum β-lactamase Escherichia coli in rats by regulating biofilm formation
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2023
Kaifa Chen, Yongsheng Zhu, Hongwei Su, Hao Jiang, Xin Liu
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are infectious diseases caused by the abnormal reproduction of various pathogenic microorganisms in the urinary tract (Gupta et al. 2017). Complicated UTIs often lead to prolonged infection and eventually cause renal function damage and serious health hazards (Tandogdu and Wagenlehner 2016; Millner and Becknell 2019). Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is a typical bacterial UTI pathogen (Herrmann et al. 2002). Various virulence factors in the pathological group of UPEC provide more opportunities for bacterial survival (Behzadi et al. 2020). Currently, the main intervention measures for the clinical treatment of UTI are antibacterial drugs (Flores-Mireles et al. 2019). Approximately 60% of antibiotics are β-lactams, which have various chemical structures and are often used to treat different types of bacterial infectious diseases (Behzadi et al. 2020). The application of antimicrobials has led to β-lactamase production, resulting in drug-resistant bacterial strains (Issakhanian and Behzadi 2019). In a clinical study, 86% of ESBL-producing strains were isolated from UPEC, and there was neither a pattern of resistance nor ESBL production in UTI (Khonsari et al. 2021). The presence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBLs) E. coli makes the most common antimicrobial agent less effective in treating UTIs (Zowawi et al. 2015). Therefore, there is an urgent clinical need for alternative treatment options that target UTI pathogenesis.
Community-onset urosepsis: incidence and risk factors for 30-day mortality – a retrospective cohort study
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Urology, 2022
Martin Holmbom, Maria Andersson, Magnus Grabe, Ralph Peeker, Aus Saudi, Johan Styrke, Firas Aljabery
All patient data were registered using a Case Report Form (CRF). The following data on admission were collected: limited life-sustaining treatment (LLST); vital signs; laboratory data; time in the emergency department (ED); time to fluid administration and antibiotic treatment; other sepsis treatment. Habitual-, admission-, and 24-hour SOFA scores were calculated (Supplementary Appendix: Table A2) giving sepsis on admission and sepsis at 24 h (sepsis defined as a life-threatening organ dysfunction, defined as 2 or more delta-SOFA (total maximum SOFA (Sequential Organ Failure Assessment) score minus habitual total SOFA score) due to the infection [1]. CT-scan or ultrasound reports of a urinary tract disorder such as obstruction, renal abscess, urolithiasis, and hydronephrosis were registered. All diagnoses made within 24 months prior to the BSI were obtained from the patient-administration system, and Charlson Comorbidity Scores were then entered in the database.
Revisiting approaches to and considerations for urinalysis and urine culture reflexive testing
Published in Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 2022
Allison B. Chambliss, Tam T. Van
Urinalysis (UA) is considered the world’s oldest laboratory test. As far back as 4000 BC, Sumerian and Babylonian physicians recorded their assessment of urine on clay tablets [1]. Today, UA represents an invaluable tool in the diagnosis and monitoring of many conditions, including kidney disorders, diabetes mellitus, liver disease, malignancy, and urinary tract infections [2]. Modern UA consists of several components that may or may not be performed simultaneously or on all urine samples. These components include macroscopic evaluation (e.g. color, clarity), physical evaluation (e.g. specific gravity, volume for timed collections), chemical or dipstick testing (e.g. ketones, protein, glucose, blood, bilirubin, pH, urobilinogen, leukocyte esterase, nitrite), and microscopic assessment (e.g. red blood cells [RBC], white blood cells [WBC], bacteria, yeast, casts, crystals). A urine culture may also be performed to evaluate urinary tract infection (UTI). Thus, UA is multidisciplinary due to the various methodologies that are employed and the various environments in which testing takes place (core laboratories, microbiology laboratories, and/or as the point of care testing).