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Epidemiology, Disease Transmission, Prevention, and Control
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
Food-borne disease causes significant illness in people in both developed and underdeveloped countries. The microorganisms responsible include viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and worms. Morbidity depends on the pathogen, the susceptibility of the infected humans, and the medical care available. Diarrheal diseases have a strong cyclical occurrence. Higher temperatures favor the prevalence of food-borne illnesses caused by pathogens that replicate on foods at high ambient temperatures. Production of staphylococcal toxins, a common contaminant of food is also associated with high temperature. Other bacteria that are food contaminants are Campylobacter jejuni, which is acquired by drinking contaminated milk or water or by eating improperly cooked poultry meat, and Escherichia coli 0157:H7 by eating undercooked meat. Salmonella, Shigella, and Vibrio cholerae, as well as Cryptosporidium parvum, Cyclospora cayetanenis, and Trichenella spiralis are also transmitted by food.
Brazilian Medicinal Plant Extracts with Antimicrobial Action Against Microorganisms that Cause Foodborne Diseases
Published in Mahendra Rai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Eco-Friendly Biobased Products Used in Microbial Diseases, 2022
Luiza Helena da Silva Martins, Sabrina Baleixo da Silva, Carissa Michelle Goltara Bichara, Johnnat Rocha Allan de Oliveira, Adilson Ferreira Santos Filho, Rafaela Cristina Barata Alves, Andrea Komesu, Mahendra Rai
Escherichia coli is a bacterium found naturally in the intestines of humans and animals and causes gastroenteritis. In addition, it has Gram-negative, non-sporogenic, facultative anaerobic characteristics and some strains can cause serious foodborne illnesses with more serious problems of hemorrhagic cases or that reach the brain and cause something even irreversible (Millezi et al. 2014; Mendonça et al. 2020).
Quality Control of Ayurvedic Medicines
Published in D. Suresh Kumar, Ayurveda in the New Millennium, 2020
V. Remya, Maggie Jo Alex, Alex Thomas
Water is the principal ingredient used in breweries. Water contributing directly as an ingredient of brewed products is called brewing water. Brewing water is treated or adjusted to achieve the correct composition relevant to the product being brewed. There are many contaminating micro-organisms present in water. Therefore, usually a few key indicators of the presence of both harmful and harmless species are selected for analysis. Routinely, water is examined for Escherichia coli as an indicator of fecal contamination. If E. coli is present, it can be assumed that there is a possibility of other pathogenic organisms being present. Only water conforming to microbiological and chemical specification is to be used in brewing (Taylor 2006).
Presence of potent inhibitors of bacterial biofilm associated proteins is the key to Citrus limon’s antibiofilm activity against pathogenic Escherichia coli
Published in Biofouling, 2023
Songeeta Singha, Rajendran Thomas, Abinash Kumar, Devarshi Bharadwaj, Jai N. Vishwakarma, Vivek Kumar Gupta
A biofilm is an aggregate of cells, which is within an extracellular matrix on a biotic or abiotic surface. Once attached to a surface, cells appear to be difficult to remove and are able to promote genetic exchange and are protected from the immune system, antibiotics, biocides and certain physical treatments (Ormanci and Yucel 2017). In the food processing environment, foodborne pathogens residing as biofilms are mainly responsible for contamination of the equipment and thereby cross-contamination of the products, leading to foodborne illness. Pathogenic Escherichia coli are one of the most prevalent foodborne pathogen that causes serious illness in consumers. The pathogenicity of E. coli is often attributed to the presence of virulence factors and its ability to form biofilm which resist antimicrobial compounds, withstand harsh environmental condition and protects them from the host immune responses (Hobley et al. 2015). Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) and Enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) have been reported to form biofilm on abiotic surfaces, glass and polystyrene and on biotic surfaces such as pre-fixed cells (Culler et al. 2018). E. coli has been shown to produce an extracellular matrix which acts to promote cell-to-cell adhesion and aggregation at the initial stages of biofilm formation. In the mature biofilm, the main conserved components of the E. coli biofilm matrix have been defined as the proteinaceous curli fibers and flagella, alongside the polysaccharide cellulose (Hobley et al. 2015).
EspH interacts with the host active Bcr related (ABR) protein to suppress RhoGTPases
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Rachana Pattani Ramachandran, Ipsita Nandi, Nir Haritan, Efrat Zlotkin-Rivkin, Yael Keren, Tsafi Danieli, Mario Lebendiker, Naomi Melamed-Book, William Breuer, Dana Reichmann, Benjamin Aroeti
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), one of the most important human diarrheagenic bacterial pathogens, infects people mainly in low and middle-income countries.1 In contrast, the closely related enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), which causes hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome in humans, is prevalent mainly in the industrial world.2,3Citrobacter rodentium (C. rodentium), a natural mouse pathogen that employs similar strategies of colonization and pathogenesis, serves as an in vivo model for studying EPEC and EHEC infection.4 Following attachment to the host cell surface, these pathogens utilize the type III secretion system (T3SS) to introduce bacterial proteins, termed ‘effector’ proteins, into the host cells.5,6 These effectors specifically target and manipulate host cell organelles and signaling pathways, leading to intimate binding of the bacteria to host enterocytes via the attaching and effacing (A/E) lesion formation,7 modulation of host cell death pathways,4,8 and inhibition of host immune responses.9 Recent in vivo studies using the C. rodentium model have shown that effectors act as a multifunctional and interconnected network within the host cells. These characteristics are essential for inducing the diarrheal disease.10,11
Prolonged course of Fosfomycin-Trometamol for chronic prostatitis: an unknown good option
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Urology, 2021
M. L., 67 years-old, with a medical history of urethral stenosis and prostatic surgery presented since 2017 recurrent urinary infections. Infections were due to Escherichia coli. He received several treatments but recurrences regularly occurred. In 2018, he weekly took Fosfomycin-Trometamol. This treatment reduced the number of recurrences which however still occurred. In 2020 he presented in March and April two infections due to E. coli resistant to Fluoroquinolones and Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim. He was then referred to our consultation. An outpatient antibiotic treatment (OPAT) relying on a prolonged course (6 weeks) of a high dose of Ceftriaxone (2 g qd) was prescribed. With this treatment, the patient improved but unfortunately, a recurrence occurred 3 weeks after the end of this treatment. Urinalysis retrieved the same bacteria. There were no risk factors of urine infection and there was no urethral stenosis’ relapse, no post-void residue and no prostatic abscess found during the last urologist’s consultation. We then decided to use Fosfomycin-Trometamol for which the bacterium was still susceptible. As to date, there is no recommendation on the dosage, we prescribed 3 g once-a-day for one week and then 3 g every two days for a total course of 3 months. There was no side effect reported by the patient. During the treatment and six months after the end of the treatment, there was no relapse of infection.