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Epidemiology, Disease Transmission, Prevention, and Control
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
Food-borne disease causes significant illness in people in both developed and underdeveloped countries. The microorganisms responsible include viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and worms. Morbidity depends on the pathogen, the susceptibility of the infected humans, and the medical care available. Diarrheal diseases have a strong cyclical occurrence. Higher temperatures favor the prevalence of food-borne illnesses caused by pathogens that replicate on foods at high ambient temperatures. Production of staphylococcal toxins, a common contaminant of food is also associated with high temperature. Other bacteria that are food contaminants are Campylobacter jejuni, which is acquired by drinking contaminated milk or water or by eating improperly cooked poultry meat, and Escherichia coli 0157:H7 by eating undercooked meat. Salmonella, Shigella, and Vibrio cholerae, as well as Cryptosporidium parvum, Cyclospora cayetanenis, and Trichenella spiralis are also transmitted by food.
Brazilian Medicinal Plant Extracts with Antimicrobial Action Against Microorganisms that Cause Foodborne Diseases
Published in Mahendra Rai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Eco-Friendly Biobased Products Used in Microbial Diseases, 2022
Luiza Helena da Silva Martins, Sabrina Baleixo da Silva, Carissa Michelle Goltara Bichara, Johnnat Rocha Allan de Oliveira, Adilson Ferreira Santos Filho, Rafaela Cristina Barata Alves, Andrea Komesu, Mahendra Rai
Escherichia coli is a bacterium found naturally in the intestines of humans and animals and causes gastroenteritis. In addition, it has Gram-negative, non-sporogenic, facultative anaerobic characteristics and some strains can cause serious foodborne illnesses with more serious problems of hemorrhagic cases or that reach the brain and cause something even irreversible (Millezi et al. 2014; Mendonça et al. 2020).
The Urinary System and Its Disorders
Published in Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss, Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss
Among the more diffuse nephropathies (diseases of the kidneys) is acute pyelonephritis, named for its abrupt onset and the inflammation (-itis) frequently involving the pelvis (pyelo-) of the kidney (nephr-). Infective in origin, acute pyelonephritis may affect the renal pelvis, the parenchyma (functional part of the organ rather than structural elements, a term that applies to any organ), or both; approximately 85% of all cases are caused by infection by Escherichia coli The kidney is usually enlarged, and the acute inflammation may cause extensive parenchymal destruction.
Presence of potent inhibitors of bacterial biofilm associated proteins is the key to Citrus limon’s antibiofilm activity against pathogenic Escherichia coli
Published in Biofouling, 2023
Songeeta Singha, Rajendran Thomas, Abinash Kumar, Devarshi Bharadwaj, Jai N. Vishwakarma, Vivek Kumar Gupta
A biofilm is an aggregate of cells, which is within an extracellular matrix on a biotic or abiotic surface. Once attached to a surface, cells appear to be difficult to remove and are able to promote genetic exchange and are protected from the immune system, antibiotics, biocides and certain physical treatments (Ormanci and Yucel 2017). In the food processing environment, foodborne pathogens residing as biofilms are mainly responsible for contamination of the equipment and thereby cross-contamination of the products, leading to foodborne illness. Pathogenic Escherichia coli are one of the most prevalent foodborne pathogen that causes serious illness in consumers. The pathogenicity of E. coli is often attributed to the presence of virulence factors and its ability to form biofilm which resist antimicrobial compounds, withstand harsh environmental condition and protects them from the host immune responses (Hobley et al. 2015). Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) and Enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) have been reported to form biofilm on abiotic surfaces, glass and polystyrene and on biotic surfaces such as pre-fixed cells (Culler et al. 2018). E. coli has been shown to produce an extracellular matrix which acts to promote cell-to-cell adhesion and aggregation at the initial stages of biofilm formation. In the mature biofilm, the main conserved components of the E. coli biofilm matrix have been defined as the proteinaceous curli fibers and flagella, alongside the polysaccharide cellulose (Hobley et al. 2015).
High-sugar, high-fat, and high-protein diets promote antibiotic resistance gene spreading in the mouse intestinal microbiota
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Rong Tan, Min Jin, Yifan Shao, Jing Yin, Haibei Li, Tianjiao Chen, Danyang Shi, Shuqing Zhou, Junwen Li, Dong Yang
These bacteria include intestinal symbiotic bacteria such as Bacteroides, Enterococcus, Ruminoco-ccus, Prevotella, Parabacterioides, Eubacterium, and Faecalibaculum, which can promote digestion and metabolism. Some can produce butyric acid, acetic acid, formic acid, and other beneficial SCFAs through fermentation. However, some are pathogenic. For example, Clostridium and Chlamydia can cause a variety of diseases, Escherichia can cause severe diarrhea, and Erysipelatoclostridium can cause severe infection. These results showed that when resistance genes select receptor bacteria, although they may be selective toward closely related bacteria or the dominant bacteria in the environment, symbiotic bacteria and pathogenic bacteria might not be distinguished. Because they are in the same niche, they may accept ARGs and become ARB, thereby inhibiting antibiotic treatment and representing a serious threat to human health.
Prolonged course of Fosfomycin-Trometamol for chronic prostatitis: an unknown good option
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Urology, 2021
M. L., 67 years-old, with a medical history of urethral stenosis and prostatic surgery presented since 2017 recurrent urinary infections. Infections were due to Escherichia coli. He received several treatments but recurrences regularly occurred. In 2018, he weekly took Fosfomycin-Trometamol. This treatment reduced the number of recurrences which however still occurred. In 2020 he presented in March and April two infections due to E. coli resistant to Fluoroquinolones and Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim. He was then referred to our consultation. An outpatient antibiotic treatment (OPAT) relying on a prolonged course (6 weeks) of a high dose of Ceftriaxone (2 g qd) was prescribed. With this treatment, the patient improved but unfortunately, a recurrence occurred 3 weeks after the end of this treatment. Urinalysis retrieved the same bacteria. There were no risk factors of urine infection and there was no urethral stenosis’ relapse, no post-void residue and no prostatic abscess found during the last urologist’s consultation. We then decided to use Fosfomycin-Trometamol for which the bacterium was still susceptible. As to date, there is no recommendation on the dosage, we prescribed 3 g once-a-day for one week and then 3 g every two days for a total course of 3 months. There was no side effect reported by the patient. During the treatment and six months after the end of the treatment, there was no relapse of infection.