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Control of the Large Bowel Microflora
Published in Michael J. Hill, Philip D. Marsh, Human Microbial Ecology, 2020
Bohumil S. Drasar, April K. Roberts
Many of the coliform bacteria found in the gut, when grown in vitro, liberate “colicines” that are able to kill other related bacteria and it is assumed that this must happen in the intestine. Studies by Branche et al.98 on five healthy individuals over a period of 6 months indicated that resident serotypes of E. coli produced colicine far more consistently than did transient serotypes, and that a greater variety of serotypes was present in the subjects whose strains produced relatively little colicine. Bacteriophage may also play a role in the mediation of bacteria/bacteria interaction. An interesting development is the recognition of a possible role for micropredators such as Bdellovibrio.99
Ecology
Published in Paul Pumpens, Single-Stranded RNA Phages, 2020
It is important to note here that the term biodosimetry in respect to the phages MS2 and Qβ was explained in detail for the first time in the large study of Blatchley et al. (2008), which was devoted to the development of dyed microspheres as a new method for validation of the UV reactor systems. Biodosimetry was formulated as “a term used to describe validation approaches in which a (nonpathogenic) challenge microorganism is imposed on a UV reactor under a fixed set of operating conditions. The same organism is also subjected to a range of well-defined, single-valued UV doses using a bench-scale reactor…” (Blatchley et al. 2008). Thus, the MS2 biodosimetry was applied by the pilot-scale assessment of the impacts of transient particulate water quality events on the UV disinfection of indigenous total coliform bacteria in drinking water treatment (Templeton et al. 2009a).
Emphasis II
Published in Robert A. Harris, Writing with Clarity and Style, 2017
Remember that the goal of writing is to take your readers along with you, communicate with them, and persuade them that your ideas have merit. If you insult your readers, you will not accomplish your goal. Understating your claims shows a respect for your readers’ understanding and a sense of modesty on your part. Suppose, for example, that you are new to a controversy about whether a local water well should be closed because of pollution. Which of these statements would you find more credible, based on their tone and claims? Not understated: Anyone who says this water is safe to drink is either stupid or foolish. This toxic slop is poisoned with coliform bacteria. Anyone who doesn’t know that is an idiot.Understated: The county says this water is drinkable, but I’m not sure I would drink it. Perhaps the county has not seen the results of the tests for harmful bacteria … [and so on].
Is there a role for the microbiome in systemic sclerosis?
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2023
Bacterial overgrowth is a recognized feature of patients with long-standing SSc, historically thought to arise due to intestinal stasis. Slowing of intestinal motility facilitates the local proliferation of coliform bacteria. However, while intestinal motor complexes affect the diversity and abundance of the microbiota, new research has confirmed that this relationship is not unidirectional [12]. In other words, gut microbiota can influence motor patterns. Studies in germ-free animals demonstrate disruptions not only in motor patterns, but also in enteric neural and muscular morphology and function [12]. Colonization of germ-free rats with commensal species, such as Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum, reverses intestinal transit delays. Various bacterial components and products may affect motility, including short-chain fatty acids and bile salts [12].
Evaluation of zeolite supported bimetallic nanoparticles of zero-valent iron and copper (Z-nZVI/Cu) in the presence of ultrasonic for simultaneous removal of nitrate and total coliforms from aqueous solutions: optimization and modeling with response surface methodology
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Abdolmotaleb Seid-Mohammadi, Ghorban Asgari, Alireza Rahmani, Tayyebeh Madrakian, Amir Karami
Pollution of surface and underground water by nitrate is one of the major environmental problems in various parts of the world (Mohammadi et al.2011). The extensive use of artificial fertilizers and the discharge of industrial and urban wastewater have resulted in large amounts of nitrate penetration into raw water (Öztürk and Bektaş 2004, Cengeloglu et al.2006). The existence of high levels of nitrate in aqueous solutions can lead to problems such as eutrophication in the receiving waters and the development of methemoglobinemia in children (Li et al.2009, Almasi et al.2018). In addition to nitrate, the presence of organisms causing disease such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites in water has led to health and environmental problems in most countries of the world (Zarpelon et al.2016). Coliform bacteria are an indicator of water contaminated with animal and human wastewater and, if this organism is absent, water can be used as safe for drinking purposes. According to reports, these bacteria are generally not harmful, but other microbes which these bacteria are their indicator can cause short-term effects, e.g. diarrhea, nausea, headaches, and other symptoms (Sun et al.2003, Devi et al.2008, Aziz et al.2013). Therefore, the need to remove this pollutant seems necessary for the purpose of water quality, such as maintaining public health.
Rectal malakoplakia
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2020
Ted George Achufusi, Kegan Jessamy, Philip Chebaya, Sekou Rawlins
Malakoplakia was first described by Michaelis and Gutmann in 1902 after it was observed in the bladder. It was named by Van Hansemann in 1903. The term malakoplakia stems from the Greek malakos (soft) and plakos (plaque) and reflects its usual appearance as a friable, yellow mucosal lesion on endoscopy. Coliform bacteria in macrophage cytoplasm (von Hansemann histiocytes) (Figure 1b,c) and laminated intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies (Michaelis-Gutmann bodies) (Figure 1c) are considered diagnostic features. It is hypothesized that a defect of macrophage phagolysosomal response to bacterial infection is the cause of malakoplakia. Glucocorticoids and azathioprine have been shown to contribute to macrophage abnormality, and their discontinuation has been shown to reverse macrophage abnormalities and clinical symptoms. The presence of a bacterial infection has been described in most reported cases, regardless of the affected organ. The two most commonly isolated organisms include Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli, but other organisms including gram-negative, gram-positive, and acid-fast bacilli have also been isolated.1 Fungi, including Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, and viruses have also been implicated in isolated cases.2