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Potential Significance of Proteases
Published in Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Megh R. Goyal, Masood Sadiq Butt, Phytochemicals from Medicinal Plants, 2019
Marwa Waheed, Muhammad Bilal Hussain, Sadia Hassan, Mohammad Ali Shariati, Oluwafemi Adeleke Ojo
There are three important types of plant hormones, for example, auxin, gibberellins, and abscisic acid (ABA). Auxin (indole acetic acid) promotes growth and stem elongation in plants. Other advantages are adventitious and lateral roots formation, leaf loss inhibition, cell division, increased production of ethylene, and which enforce lateral bud’s dormancy, which is produced by other immature parts and shoot apical meristems. It is responsible for phototropism. Auxin causes cell elongation on the unlighted side of shoot by making cell walls softer and expansion of the cell cytoplasm.33
Hormones of the Moss Protonema
Published in R. N. Chopra, Satish C. Bhatla, Bryophyte Development: Physiology and Biochemistry, 2019
Other auxins like 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and α-NAA differ only quantitatively from IAA (Figure 4). The same is true for substances found as IAA precursors in higher plants. In Figure 5, different biosynthetic pathways of IAA in higher plants are shown. Two of them are identified to be active in mosses because treatment with the relevant precursors gives results identical to those for treatment with auxin: the indole-3-pyruvic acid to indole-3-acetaldehyde pathway and, interestingly, the indo-3-acetamide pathway (which in higher plants only plays a role after infection with Agrobacterium, where the genes for this pathway have been identified as parts of the T region of the Ti plasmid).27,28 Because tryptamine and indoleacetonitrile did not induce caulonemata in our experiments, we assume that these two pathways do not exist in the moss protonema. If the two other pathways are working, the enzymes necessary for the transformation of the precursors must be present, which so far has not been demonstrated directly by an enzyme preparation. In a cell-free system from Funaria protonema, IAA was synthesized from 3H-tryptophan via the indolepyruvate pathway.29
Agrochemicals: A Brief Overview
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) is the most common compound of the class of chlorophenoxy herbicides. These molecules are chemical analogues of auxin, a plant growth hormone, and produce uncontrolled and lethal growth in target plants (11). Since auxin is critical for the growth of broad-leaf plants but not of grasses, 2,4-D is effective at suppressing the growth of weeds without affecting the grass. 2,4-D remains one of the most widely used herbicides throughout the world and is primarily used in agriculture to control weeds in corn and grain (43). During the Vietnam War, a mixture of the n-butyl esters of 2,4,-D and of 2,4,5-T (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy acetic acid), known as Agent Orange, was extensively used as a defoliant. Exposure of military personnel and of the Vietnamese population to Agent Orange raised concerns for possible long-term health effects due to the presence of dioxin (TCDD), a contaminant of 2,4,5-T (44).
Copper oxide nanoparticles alter cellular morphology via disturbing the actin cytoskeleton dynamics in Arabidopsis roots
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2020
Honglei Jia, Sisi Chen, Xiaofeng Wang, Cong Shi, Kena Liu, Shuangxi Zhang, Jisheng Li
PIN proteins are important regulators in the establishment stage of plants and in the auxin gradient in plants (Friml et al. 2003). The polar subcellular localization of PIN proteins in the plasma membrane determines the directionality of auxin flow (Wisniewska et al. 2006), thus contributing to the regulation of multiple aspects of plant development (Grunewald and Friml 2010). The vesicle trafficking of PIN proteins requires the actin cytoskeleton (Dubrovsky et al. 2008). CuO NPs disturbed the actin cytoskeleton network in root epidermal cells (Figure 3). The localization of fluorescent markers showed different polar localization in the epidermal cells: the polar distributions of PIN4:GFP and PIN7:GFP were altered by CuO NPs (Figures 10(a); Supplementary S8; Supplementary Movie S8). One possible reason for this outcome is that CuO NPs delayed the recycling of PINs between the endomembrane compartments and the PM by disturbing the actin cytoskeleton. The loss of polar PIN protein localization results in the CuO NP-induced decrease in the auxin transport capacity. Auxin transport capacity is an important factor in the regulation of many developmental processes, including cell division, elongation, and differentiation during primary root growth (Rahman et al. 2007). Therefore, the inhibition of auxin transport is a form of secondary damage to plant cells, which is able to further induce the abnormal development of roots and root hairs.
Discovery of indole-3-butyric acid derivatives as potent histone deacetylase inhibitors
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2021
Yiming Chen, Lihui Zhang, Lin Zhang, Qixiao Jiang, Lei Zhang
Auxins are a group of plant hormones that play a cardinal role in the plant growth and behavioural processes27. Biological effects of naturally occurring auxins in plants include indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), 4-chloroindole-3-acetic acid (4-Cl-IAA), phenylacetic acid (PAA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), and indole-3-propionic acid (IPA), have exhibited inhibitory activities against human tumour cell lines28. However, development of auxins as anticancer agents has been rarely reported. In our previous study, a potent IBHA with antitumor activity was derived by substitution of carboxyl group of IBA with hydroxamic acid29. Compared with SAHA, IBHA exhibited reduced activities in the HDAC enzymatic inhibition and antiproliferative assays. Inspired by structures of high potent HDACIs Panobinostat and Dacinostat which have the 3-alkyl indole pharmacophores in the cap region, structural modification was performed to IBHA. In the present study, to enhance the binding affinity of IBA derivatives with HDACs, and improve the antitumor activity of IBA derivatives, phenyl group was introduced to the linker of IBHA. Substituted groups were introduced to the nitrogen in the indole ring, and hydroxamic acid was utilised as zinc binding group (ZBG). Hydrazide has been reported as ZBG with good HDAC inhibitory activity30. Therefore, to investigate the performance of hydrazide in the present structure, hydroxamic acid groups of several active molecules have been replaced by hydrazide groups (Figure 1). The anticancer activities of the derived molecules were evaluated in the enzymatic assay, in vitro cancer cell based screening, apoptosis, and in vivo anticancer test.
Potential impact of auxin in modulation of insulin resistance in diabetic rats
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2022
Auxins are group of phytohormones that is important for the growth of plants. Auxin are involved in the coordination of many physiological and morphological characteristics of life cycle and are crucial for development (Alam et al. 2016). It was reported that the rate of conversion of tryptophan to their respective is determined by their relative dietary proportions (Yamaguchi et al. 2007).Tryptophan is essential amino acid incorporated into cell function, where they produce serotonin, niacin and melatonin.