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Urban planning and population health
Published in Ben Y.F. Fong, Martin C.S. Wong, The Routledge Handbook of Public Health and the Community, 2021
ATW promotes physically active lifestyles of individuals (World Health Organisation, 2018). According to Forsyth Krizek and Rodriguez (2009), walking as a form of transport is recognised as sustaining environmental benefits, maintaining social cohesion, reducing transportation problems and enhancing the living environment. Being one form of active transport (i.e. in addition to cycling, mixed transit), ATW is promoted as cost effective, without need of special requirements or facilities (Dunton & Schneider, 2006) and having potential to contribute to the health and wellbeing of individuals (World Health Organisation, 2018). Significant relationships between the variety of destination and the prevalence of walking exist (James et al., 2014; Knuiman et al., 2014; Sallis et al., 2012). Moreover, easy access to nearby recreational facilities has been seen as promoting active transport and allowing physical activity participation (Grow et al., 2008).
Body fluids and electrolytes
Published in Peate Ian, Dutton Helen, Acute Nursing Care, 2020
Active transport facilitates particle movement from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration, but this process requires energy to make it happen. The energy required for active transport comes from adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a molecule with high energy bonds that is used by the body to provide physiological energy to facilitate active processes. Many important solutes are transported actively across cell membranes, including sodium and potassium (the sodium–potassium pump). Active transport is vital for maintaining the unique composition of both the ICF and ECF.
Kinetic Abnormalities of the Na+,K+ Pump in Essential Hypertension
Published in Antonio Coca, Ricardo P. Garay, Ionic Transport in Hypertension: New Perspectives, 2019
The sodium- and potassium-activated ATPase, or the Na+, K+ pump (Na+, K+-ATPase), maintains a low intracellular concentration of Na+ and a high intracellular concentration of K+ in all animal cells. These concentration gradients are necessary for a variety of physiological functions, including regulation of cell volume, maintenance of osmotic pressure, Na+ coupled transport of certain organic and inorganic molecules, and electrical excitability of nerve and muscle.5 The Na+,K+-ATPase effects the coupled transports of three Na+ ions out of the cell and two K+ ions into the cell. The energy required for this active transport is derived from the hydrolysis of one molecule of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).6,7
Advance in placenta drug delivery: concern for placenta-originated disease therapy
Published in Drug Delivery, 2023
Miao Tang, Xiao Zhang, Weidong Fei, Yu Xin, Meng Zhang, Yao Yao, Yunchun Zhao, Caihong Zheng, Dongli Sun
Transporter-mediated uptake is divided into facilitated diffusion and active transport. Facilitated diffusion allows certain compounds to cross the placenta without energy. Active transport is an energy-dependent process that usually proceeds against a concentration gradient. The major superfamily of transporters found in the placenta are the SLC and ABC transporters (Al-Enazy et al., 2017; Staud et al., 2012). For instance, organic anion transporters are a family of transporters in the placenta, mediating transport in the maternal-fetal interface for metabolites, waste products, and hormones (Lofthouse et al., 2018). Similarly, transporters such as amino acid transporters, glucose transporters, and transferrin can deliver specific substrates across the placenta (Illsley, 2000; Parkkila et al., 1997). For example, iron is transported across the placenta through transferrin receptor-mediated endocytosis (Parkkila et al., 1997).
Anti-ageing peptides and proteins for topical applications: a review
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2022
Mengyang Liu, Shuo Chen, Zhiwen Zhang, Hongyu Li, Guiju Sun, Naibo Yin, Jingyuan Wen
The transcellular pathway refers to the transportation of solutes through a cell, including transcellular passive diffusion, transcellular active transport, and transcytosis (Kasting et al. 2019). Diffusion is the movement of chemicals from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. Active transport, also known as carrier-mediated transport, involves using energy to help specific molecules move across the barrier and against the concentration gradient (Fung et al. 2018). Since the cell membrane is lipophilic, it might resist the passive diffusion of hydrophilic or charged compounds. Transcytosis is another type of transcellular route, where macromolecules are carried across the cell membranes (Liu et al. 2019). These macromolecules are captured in vesicles on the side of the cell, drawn across the cell, and then ejected on the other side (Liu et al. 2019). However, most experimental studies suggest that the primary pathway across SC is the intercellular pathway, as described below.
Brugada syndrome
Published in Acta Cardiologica, 2021
Haarika Korlipara, Giridhar Korlipara, Srinivas Pentyala
Cardiac cells have a resting membrane potential (3]. However, 3]. To maintain ion concentration gradients for each of the ions and maintain the membrane potential, there are active transport pumps in place such as the