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Bone Health
Published in Carolyn Torkelson, Catherine Marienau, Beyond Menopause, 2023
Carolyn Torkelson, Catherine Marienau
Salt: Excessive salt (ie, sodium) intake is associated with increased calcium loss via the kidneys. For postmenopausal women, decreasing sodium intake from 3.4 grams per day (the U.S. average) to less than 2 grams per day can improve skeletal health. Grains, vegetables, fruits, and beans are very low in sodium, unless salt is added to them. Snack foods, canned foods, dairy products, and meat tend to drive up the amount of sodium in the diet.
Naturopathic Medicine and the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease
Published in Stephen T. Sinatra, Mark C. Houston, Nutritional and Integrative Strategies in Cardiovascular Medicine, 2022
Numerous studies have shown that sodium restriction alone does not improve blood pressure control in most people, and it must be accompanied by a high potassium intake. Most Americans have a potassium-to-sodium ratio of less than 1:2, meaning that they ingest more than twice as much sodium as potassium. Researchers recommend a dietary potassium-to-sodium ratio of greater than 5:1 to maintain health. The easiest way to lower sodium intake is to avoid prepared foods and table salt.
Cardiovascular Risk Factors
Published in Nicole M. Farmer, Andres Victor Ardisson Korat, Cooking for Health and Disease Prevention, 2022
Sodium is a required micronutrient of the body and is needed to maintain homeostasis by regulating the membrane potential, fluid volume, acid–base balance, and nervous system. Excessive dietary sodium is a major contributor to hypertension, with almost 1 in 3 Americans (Sacks et al., 2001; Aburto et al., 2013; Institute of Medicine, 2013). The Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2020 (USDA) recommend a maximum dietary sodium intake of 2300 mg/day for the general population and 1,500 mg/day for CVD at‐risk groups, persons aged 51 years and above, and persons of any age with hypertension, diabetes, or chronic kidney disease, whereas the World Health Organization (WHO) (World Health Organization, 2012) recommends adults consume less than 2,000 mg of sodium or 5 g of salt.
Calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium oxybates oral solution for cataplexy or excessive daytime sleepiness associated with narcolepsy
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2023
The relationship between sodium intake and cardiovascular disease is complex [66,67]. The American Heart Association recommends sodium intake of no more than 2300 mg/day of sodium and suggests an ideal limit of 1500 mg/day for most adults. The typical American diet is high in sodium (~3400 mg/day). Increased sodium intake from food and medications is linked to increased risk of hypertension, stroke, stroke mortality, and coronary disease mortality [68–71]. Various meta-analyses of sodium intake and cardiovascular risk concluded that high sodium intake is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease [72–75]. Given the deleterious effects of high sodium consumption, it would be prudent to opt for a lower sodium formulation in narcolepsy patients at risk for cardiovascular diseases (hypertension, heart failure, stroke, prior myocardial infarction, revascularization, prior cardiac arrest) and renal failure.
Diet Quality and Survival in a Population-Based Bladder Cancer Study
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Reno C. Leeming, Margaret R. Karagas, Diane Gilbert-Diamond, Jennifer A. Emond, Michael S. Zens, Alan R. Schned, John D. Seigne, Michael N. Passarelli
In our study, lower sodium intake was associated with better overall and bladder cancer-specific survival after NMIBC diagnosis. Sodium is an essential nutrient that aids in normal physiological function and cellular homeostasis (39). Since the 1980s, the USDA and the United States Department of Health and Human Services have encouraged reduced sodium consumption to prevent hypertension and cardiovascular disease (40). The association between dietary sodium intake and survival after urothelial carcinoma, however, has not been well studied. While animal models have reported that sodium may promote bladder cancer proliferation, the mechanism between high sodium intake and bladder cancer remains poorly defined (41). In contrast to our findings, a retrospective hospital-based cohort study in Japan of 179 MIBC patients reported that preoperative serum sodium concentration ≤139 mEq/L was associated with poorer survival following radical cystectomy (42). The difference between their findings and ours could be due to differences in the distribution of stage and treatment or the fact that circulating serum sodium concentration is tightly regulated and an imprecise measurement of dietary sodium consumption (43). Furthermore, food frequency questionnaires may not accurately estimate dietary sodium (44).
Food and beverages undermining elderly health: three food-based dietary guidelines to avoid or delay chronic diseases of lifestyle among the elderly in South Africa
Published in South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2021
Yasaman Jamshidi-Naeini, Gugulethu Moyo, Carin Napier, Wilna Oldewage-Theron
The normal daily physiological requirement for sodium is estimated to be between 0.1 and 1.0 g.112 Sodium is mainly consumed as salt (sodium chloride), mostly from discretionary salt, which is salt added during cooking, at mealtimes and also from salt used for processed foods.113 About 41% of the population has a high discretionary salt intake114 and about half of daily salt intake in SA comes from processed foods, with bread being the largest contributor,113 providing 5–35% of sodium intake, depending on ethnic group under study.102 Other sources of sodium in the diet may be from fast foods such as pizza, pasta dishes and crumbed fried chicken. Another contributor to sodium intake is sodium glutamate, used as a condiment,115 salt in soup and gravy powders (17%), margarine (13.0%) and atchar, a spicy condiment providing up to 5% of the total sodium intake.116 Other foods consumed in SA that one might not expect to have salt are biscuits/cookies, cakes and breakfast cereals.117 Recently, many flavouring and spice mixes (e.g. bobotie spice mix, braai mix) have become available on the market and these usually contain salt. Although no national data or data for the elderly specifically exist for stock cubes, stock powder, or spice and flavouring mix consumption patterns, a study undertaken has found that 97% of the more than 800 participants used stock cubes and/or powder on a daily basis in cooking.118 High stock cube consumption has also been observed in the community nutrition studies undertaken by the authors.