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Seaweed as Source of Plant Growth Promoters and Bio-Fertilizers
Published in Gokare A. Ravishankar, Ranga Rao Ambati, Handbook of Algal Technologies and Phytochemicals, 2019
Sananda Mondal, Debasish Panda
Auxins or auxin-like compounds are known to occur endogenously in many marine algae. The presence of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) has been recorded in a number of marine algae such as Nereocystis spp., Ecklonia maxima, Macrocystis pyrifera, Ascophyllum nodosum, Porphyra perforata, Fucus vesiculosus, Caulerpa paspaloides and Sargassum heterophyllum etc. Auxin-like substances like phenyl-3-aceticacid (PAA) and hydroxyl phenyl acetic acid (OH-PAA) have been reported from Undaria pinnatifida extracts (Abe et al., 1974) and 3-hydroxyacetyl-indole in Prionitis lanceolate extracts (Bernart and Gerwick, 1990). IAA is also found in hydrolyzed and liquified A. nodosum commercial preparation. The seaweed concentrate of the brown alga, Ecklonia maxima, exhibits a remarkable root-promoting ability when applied to cuttings, which is attributed to endogenous indoles like indole-3-carboxylic acid (ICA); N,N-dimethyltryptamine; indole-3-aldehyde (IAId) and in addition, iso-indole, 1, 3-dione (N-hydroxyethylphthalimide) in the extracts (Crouch and van Staden, 1991). In higher plants, IAA occurs as an inactive conjugate with carboxyl groups, glycans, amino acids and peptides, which are converted to free active IAA upon hydrolysis (Bartel, 1997), whereas in marine algae, it occurs as conjugates of indole and amino acids (Stirk et al., 2004).
Virus-Based Nanocarriers for Targeted Drug Delivery
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
Semra Akgönüllü, Monireh Bakhshpour, Yeşeren Saylan, Adil Denizli
The plant virus-based nanocarrier materials have advantages such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, noninfectious, and readily available used for drug delivery. Chemically-modified and/or genetically-modified viruses, as well as plant virus-based nanocarriers, are used as nanocarriers (Steinmetz and Evans 2007). The virus-based nanocarrier materials commonly are employed in the chemotherapeutic area, and also, these biological materials are used as a specific nanocarrier for the delivery of small drugs to a certain tissue. Some of the plant hormones are used as a prodrug in the virus-based nanocarriers for cancer therapy. Indole-3-acetic acid is a prodrug hormone commonly utilised in prostate cancer treatment (Ma et al. 2012; Mura et al. 2013). The virus-based nanocarriers have a robust potential impact, such as a variety of several forms, uniformity and/or regular geometric size, and high stability in temperature, pH, solvent, and salt. Recently, many types of plant virus-based nanocarriers have been preferred in drug delivery because they are safety nanocarriers against mammalian viruses, noninfectious, and nontoxic/nonbiological risk (Alemzadeh et al. 2018). The other major advantage of virus-based nanocarrier is the multiple sites available on the surface of the virus capsid. This significant advantage makes using a virus attractive for the introduction of foreign ligands/peptides (Gupta et al. 2005). The low concentrations of the target molecule that are used in cell targeting are probable via utilising the targeting characterisation of the virus-based nanocarrier. Unlike lipid/inorganic materials, the level of concentration can be controlled by using a virus-based nanocarrier (Alemzadeh et al. 2017).
Biologically Active Substances From Bryophytes
Published in R. N. Chopra, Satish C. Bhatla, Bryophyte Development: Physiology and Biochemistry, 2019
Conocephalum japonicum (= C. supradecompositum) contains (+ )-costunolide (136) as the major component. This germacranolide and related guaianolides (137) inhibit penetration of cercariae of the trematode Schistosoma mansoni, which causes the miserable disease schistosomiasis.9,12,14,16,104 Wilson and Schwabe105 isolated a hormone from Lunularia cruciata which inhibited growth and promoted dormancy. Independently, Fries106 isolated the same compound from Marchantia polymorpha. Valio et al.107 established the structure of the active compound to be lunularic acid (107). This aromatic acid is widespread in the Hepaticae, but does not occur in the Musci, Anthocerotae, pteridophytes, and algae.108,109 Pryce108 reported the structural relationship between 107 and abscisic acid, which is a common hormone found in higher plants. The endogenous plant hormone indole-3-acetic acid (an auxin; 138) was isolated from Marchantia polymorpha.110 Compound 138 has also been found in Asterella angusta and Pallavicinia canarus.11 Indole-3-acetonitrile (139) was detected in A. angusta and P. canarus and might be the precursor of 138.11 A cytokininlike compound, N6-(A2-isopentenyl)adenine, was isolated from a culture medium of callus cells of the moss hybrid of Funaria hygrometrica X Physcomitrium pyriforme.111 Muromtsev et al.112 noted the presence of a gibberellin-like hormone in the Musci. Marchantia polymorpha, Pellia epiphylla, Atrichum undulatum, and Mnium hornum produce a-tocopherol (vitamin E; 140), vitamin K (141), plastoquinone (142), plastohydroquinone (143), and α-tocoquinone (144) (Figure 12).11 Some mosses are rich sources of vitamin B2. Chickens and puppies fed with food, including the powder of Barbella pendula, B. enervis, Floribundaria nipponica, Hypnum plumaeforme, Neckeropsis nitidula, and Ptychanthus stiatus which contain vitamin B2, gained more weight than the control, and no sickness or distaste resulted.113 Most of the mosses produce highly unsaturated fatty acids. Ichikawa et al.88,89 reported the presence of prostaglandin-like fatty acids (145 to 150) from the mosses Dicranum scoparium, D. japonicum, and Leucobryum spp. (Figure 13). These acids and the other unsaturated fatty acids are viscous liquids and are considered to be the significant components of herbivorous animals living in very cold places, protecting their bodies from the cold.114
Intestinal microbiota-derived tryptophan metabolites are predictive of Ah receptor activity
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Fangcong Dong, Fuhua Hao, Iain A. Murray, Philip B. Smith, Imhoi Koo, Alyssa M. Tindall, Penny M. Kris-Etherton, Krishne Gowda, Shantu G. Amin, Andrew D. Patterson, Gary H. Perdew
Having validated the relative AHR activation potential of the major tryptophan metabolites detectable in mouse cecal contents, we investigated whether their abundance could be modulated through short-term dietary change (Figure 10). Mice with ad libitum access to standard rodent chow diet were switched onto a semi-purified diet or further maintained on standard chow. After one week, cecal contents were isolated and the major tryptophan metabolites (indole, 2-oxindole, indole-3-acetic acid and kynurenic acid) quantified, as appropriate, through GC/MS and LC/MS. Data obtained revealed significant reductions in the abundance of both indole and 2-oxindole in the cecal contents from the semi-purified cohort when compared to those on standard rodent chow. The abundance of indole-3-acetic acid and kynurenic acid was not significantly different between the two dietary groups. These data suggest that dietary factors can influence the abundance of major tryptophan metabolites.
Microbiota-derived uremic retention solutes: perpetrators of altered nonrenal drug clearance in kidney disease
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2018
Alexander J Prokopienko, Thomas D Nolin
Microbiota-derived uremic toxins also affect CYP1A activity and expression [47,55,58,60,61], with idole-3-acetic acid and indoxyl sulfate being the most potent. Indole-3-acetic acid decreases CYP1A2 activity by 50% in human microsomes [61]. A combination of hippuric acid, indoxyl sulfate, and p-cresol also inhibit CYP1A2 activity in human microsomes [47]. However, contradictory findings have been reported, as indole-3-acetic acid and indoxyl sulfate individually have been shown to increase mRNA expression and enzyme activity of CYP1A2 [55,60]. Although reasons for the disparate findings are unclear, it likely involves the AhR nuclear receptor – a master regulator that activates CYP1A gene expression. Indoxyl sulfate is both a potent activating ligand of AhR that leads to increased expression of CYP1A2, and a direct inhibitor of CYP1A2 activity [55,60]. Because of this, investigators should consider incubations that are long enough in duration to induce expression when assessing the effect of indoxyl sulfate on CYP1A2. The sum of data suggest that microbiota-derived toxins inhibit CYP1A2 enzymatic activity and that indoxyl sulfate induces CYP1A2 functional expression.
AhR/IL-22 pathway as new target for the treatment of post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome symptoms
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Maëva Meynier, Elodie Baudu, Nathalie Rolhion, Manon Defaye, Marjolène Straube, Valentine Daugey, Morgane Modoux, Ivan Wawrzyniak, Frédéric Delbac, Romain Villéger, Mathieu Méleine, Esther Borras Nogues, Catherine Godfraind, Nicolas Barnich, Denis Ardid, Philippe Poirier, Harry Sokol, Jean-Marc Chatel, Philippe Langella, Valérie Livrelli, Mathilde Bonnet, Frédéric Antonio Carvalho
Trp and 20 Trp metabolites were quantified by liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry from 3 different matrices: serum, feces and caecal content as previously described.64 Among them, 4 metabolites were quantified for serotonin pathway: melatonine, N-acetyl-serotonine, serotonine, 5-OH-tryptophane. For the kynurenine pathway, 7 metabolites were measured 3-OH-kynurenine, picolinic acid, xanthurenic acid, quinolinic acid, kynurenine, kynurenic acid, 3-OH-anthranilic acid. Nine metabolites of indole pathway were analyzed, such as tryptamine, tryptophol, 5-OH-indole acetic acid, indole-3-sulfate, indole, indole-3-lactic acid, indole-3-aldehyde, indole-3-acetic acid, indole-3-acetamide.