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Bioactive Compounds in Marine Macro Algae and Their Role in Pharmacological Applications
Published in Parimelazhagan Thangaraj, Phytomedicine, 2020
Subramaniam Kalidass, Lakshmanan Ranjith, Palavesam Arunachalam, Amarnath Mathan Babu, Karuppasamy Kaviarasan
Plant growth hormones are available in seaweed extracts, which are used to induce plant growth and to improve the photosynthesis. Cytokinins are plant growth regulators that protect plants from temperature variations (Tarakhovskaya et al. 2007; Zhang et al. 2010), and these are synthesized by means of the bio-chemical modification of adenine. Other plant hormones are auxin, abscisic acid, and betaines that are found in macro algal extracts. Auxin functions to start the root formation and reduce its elongation, their concentration may vary, and it depends up on the species. Gibberellins play a major role to start seed germination and are formed in developing seeds from glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate. They were first identified in two brown algal extracts, such as a Fucus vesiculosus and Fucus spiralis (Tarakhovskaya et al. 2007). Abscisic acid is formed from carotenoids by more than 60 species of algae, and betaines are not usual plant hormones, which are also found in seaweed extracts (MacKinnon et al. 2010), and their role is to guard the plants from drought and frost (Craigie 2011). The brown algal extract, Ascophyllum nodosum, has a rich source of betaines (Khan et al. 2009; Craigie 2011).
Potential Significance of Proteases
Published in Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Megh R. Goyal, Masood Sadiq Butt, Phytochemicals from Medicinal Plants, 2019
Marwa Waheed, Muhammad Bilal Hussain, Sadia Hassan, Mohammad Ali Shariati, Oluwafemi Adeleke Ojo
There are three important types of plant hormones, for example, auxin, gibberellins, and abscisic acid (ABA). Auxin (indole acetic acid) promotes growth and stem elongation in plants. Other advantages are adventitious and lateral roots formation, leaf loss inhibition, cell division, increased production of ethylene, and which enforce lateral bud’s dormancy, which is produced by other immature parts and shoot apical meristems. It is responsible for phototropism. Auxin causes cell elongation on the unlighted side of shoot by making cell walls softer and expansion of the cell cytoplasm.33
Mutants as Tools for the Analytical Dissection of Cell Differentiation in Physcomitrella Patens Gametophytes
Published in R. N. Chopra, Satish C. Bhatla, Bryophyte Development: Physiology and Biochemistry, 2019
With respect to the influences of exogenous plant hormones, the qualitative results obtained by Ashton et al.4 and the elegant quantitative data of McClelland23 have revealed that: NAA increases the proportion of SBIs developing into secondary caulonemal filaments while reducing the proportion of secondary chloronemata by a similar amount as well as inhibiting the extent of branching of remaining chloronemata, but has no effect upon the number of gametophores which arise from SBIs.BAP increases the proportion of SBIs giving rise to buds, produces a corresponding decrease in the proportion of secondary chloronemata, and has no effect on the number of SBIs developing into secondary caulonemata. Like NAA, BAP also inhibits the branching of any secondary chloronemata which are formed.
Evaluation of the optimum threshold of gamma-ray for inducing mutation on Polianthes tuberosa cv. double and analysis of genetic variation with RAPD marker
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2023
Hanifeh Seyed Hajizadeh, Seyed Najmedin Mortazavi, Morteza Ganjinajad, Volkan Okatan, İbrahim Kahramanoğlu
Increasing the radiation dose did not significantly increase this trait in general, so the treatments of 20, 30, and 40 Gy doses of γ-ray did not significantly differ from the control, and only the treatment of 50 Gy showed a significant difference compared to the control and other lower levels of radiation (Table 3). Ling et al. (2008) reported that plants grew more at 10 Gy, while doses above 10 Gy inhibited plant growth, indicating that increased radiation increases the plant’s tolerance to γ-radiation. It may be explained by a decrease in the amount of endogenous plant hormones, especially cytokinin, which results in cytokinin degradation or lack of biosynthesis due to irradiation. It is clear that damage to the cells of tuberose was so serious at the gamma-ray dose of 50 Gy.
Novel approaches to targeted protein degradation technologies in drug discovery
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2023
Yu Xue, Andrew A. Bolinger, Jia Zhou
Multiple plant hormone signaling pathways are regulated by UPS [14]. Retrospective studies demonstrated that these plant hormones functioned as MGs, exemplified by auxin, jasmonates, and gibberellin. Auxin (1) (chemical structure shown in Figure 2) regulates gene expression through promoting E3 ligase Skp1-cullin 1-F-box (SCF)-catalyzed degradation of the Aux/IAA transcription repressors [15]. A ternary complex co-crystal of auxin, transport inhibitor response 1 (TIR1), and Aux/IAA disclosed the mechanism, by which auxin enhanced the TIR1–substrate interactions as an MG, thereby inducing the degradation of Aux/IAA [3]. Jasmonates are reported to regulate the degradation of jasmonates ZIM-domain (JAZ) protein family in response to host immunity and stress response by binding to SCF substrate coronatine insensitive 1 (COI1) [16]. A co-crystal of JA-Ile (2, a jasmonate derivative) conjugate demonstrated the promotion of physical interaction between COI1 and JAZ1 [4]. Gibberellin was originally identified as a mycotoxin. Model studies of gibberellin signaling in plants suggest that it functions as an MG [5]. Through binding to gibberellin A3 (GA3, 3), gibberellin insensitive dwarf 1 (GID1) is induced to undergo a conformational switch, which in turn promotes the recognition of transcriptional regulator DELLA proteins (a SCF substrate) by SCFSLY1/GID2, thereby being ubiquitinated and degraded [17].
A novel and effective technique to reduce electromagnetic radiation absorption on biotic components at 2.45 GHz
Published in Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 2022
Meenu L, Aiswarya S, Sreedevi K. Menon
This experiment is a direct validation and serves as a proof of concept that the EMR exposure rate, time and intensity has an adverse effect on the plant tissues. The study shows that the variation in secretion of plant hormones like Gibberellins, Cytokinins, Abscisic Acid and Auxins had led to the retardation in the complete growth of the plant (Naqvi 1999) – (Arteca 1996.). The radiation is mainly due to the antenna present in the gadgets and these radiations will be absorbed by the vegetation. This is measured in terms of SAR for a given tissue. SAR depends upon dielectric property, conductivity, mass density, electric field strength of the tissues etc. The absorption of radiation by pea seeds near to the router is more as it receives more power in the vicinity of the router. So the variation in absorption results in growth retardation even from its initial stage of the germination. This effect in the sprouting stage makes changes in the entire life cycle of each plant community. These continuous exposure reduces the nutrient capability of vegetations and it makes them unhealthy to human life.