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Bioactive Compounds in Marine Macro Algae and Their Role in Pharmacological Applications
Published in Parimelazhagan Thangaraj, Phytomedicine, 2020
Subramaniam Kalidass, Lakshmanan Ranjith, Palavesam Arunachalam, Amarnath Mathan Babu, Karuppasamy Kaviarasan
Plant growth hormones are available in seaweed extracts, which are used to induce plant growth and to improve the photosynthesis. Cytokinins are plant growth regulators that protect plants from temperature variations (Tarakhovskaya et al. 2007; Zhang et al. 2010), and these are synthesized by means of the bio-chemical modification of adenine. Other plant hormones are auxin, abscisic acid, and betaines that are found in macro algal extracts. Auxin functions to start the root formation and reduce its elongation, their concentration may vary, and it depends up on the species. Gibberellins play a major role to start seed germination and are formed in developing seeds from glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate. They were first identified in two brown algal extracts, such as a Fucus vesiculosus and Fucus spiralis (Tarakhovskaya et al. 2007). Abscisic acid is formed from carotenoids by more than 60 species of algae, and betaines are not usual plant hormones, which are also found in seaweed extracts (MacKinnon et al. 2010), and their role is to guard the plants from drought and frost (Craigie 2011). The brown algal extract, Ascophyllum nodosum, has a rich source of betaines (Khan et al. 2009; Craigie 2011).
Environmental Factors Impacting Bioactive Metabolite Accumulation in Brazilian Medicinal Plants
Published in Luzia Valentina Modolo, Mary Ann Foglio, Brazilian Medicinal Plants, 2019
Camila Fernanda de Oliveira Junkes, Franciele Antonia Neis, Fernanda de Costa, Anna Carolina Alves Yendo, Arthur Germano Fett-Neto
Plants of Alternanthera philoxeroides Mart. (Griseb.), a native species from the temperate regions of South America, showed increased concentration of betacyanins in stems when exposed to 200 mM or 400 mM of salt (Ribeiro et al., 2014). Pilocarpus microphyllus Stapf. ex Wardlew. and Pilocarpus jaborandi Holmes, commonly known as jaborandi, are distributed exclusively in South America, mainly in Northern and Northeast Brazil (Abreu et al., 2005). The leaves of jaborandi are a source of the imidazolic alkaloid pilocarpine, used mainly in the first stages of glaucoma and xerostomia treatment and for stimulation of lacrimal and salivary glands (Caldeira et al., 2017). In contrast to A. philoxeroides, salt stress and hypoxia resulted in decreased pilocarpine amount in P. jaborandi leaves; reduction of alkaloid amounts in salt-treated plants was concentration and time of exposure dependent (Avancini et al., 2003). However, in callus cultures of jaborandi, salt and osmotic stress promoted pilocarpine release in medium (Abreu et al., 2005). Accumulation of brachycerine in P. brachyceras leaf disks was promoted by osmotic stress and abscisic acid, a key signaling hormone in drought stress (Nascimento et al., 2013).
Seaweed as Source of Plant Growth Promoters and Bio-Fertilizers
Published in Gokare A. Ravishankar, Ranga Rao Ambati, Handbook of Algal Technologies and Phytochemicals, 2019
Sananda Mondal, Debasish Panda
The presence of Abscisic acid (ABA) has been confirmed in Laminaria digitata, Ascophyllum nodosum (Hussian and Boney, 1973) and Ulva lactuca (Hartmann and Kester, 1983). A higher level of ABA is found in some commercial extracts of A. nodosum. ABA is also present in the green algae Enteromorpha compressa (Niemann and Dorfiiing, 1980). The water-soluble growth inhibitors extracted from Laminaria digitata and A. nodosum resulted in marked inhibition of lettuce hypocotyl growth (Hussain and Boney, 1973).
The role of UDP-glycosyltransferases in xenobioticresistance
Published in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2022
Diana Dimunová, Petra Matoušková, Radka Podlipná, Iva Boušová, Lenka Skálová
Chemical and other abiotic stress typically induce the synthesis of certain phytohormones, cytokinins, and antioxidant molecules (such as polyphenols, carotenoids, and tocopherols) to re-equilibrate homeostasis (Verma et al. 2016; Behr et al. 2020). In Arabidopsis thaliana, seven UGTs (UGT84B1, UGT75B1, UGT84A2, UGT71B6, UGT71B7, UGT71B8, and UGT71C) have been identified that glycosylate abscisic acid (Chen, Liu, Xiao, et al. 2020). Recombinant UGT84B1, UGT84B2, UGT76E1, UGT75B1, UGT75B2, and UGT74D1 were found to be able to glycosylate jasmonic acid as well as other auxins in vitro (Jackson et al. 2001; Jin et al. 2013). Brassinosteroids may be glycosylated by UGT73C5 and UGT73C6; cytokinins by UGT85A1, UGT76C1, and UGT76C2 (Smehilova et al. 2016); and salicylic acid by UGT76B1, UGT89A2, and UGT76D1 (Brazier-Hicks et al. 2018; Zhang et al. 2018). The most recent findings regarding the mechanism by which glycosylation affects plant response to abiotic stress along with the role of UGTs in this process has been reviewed by Behr et al. (2020).
The plant hormone abscisic acid stimulates megakaryocyte differentiation from human iPSCs in vitro
Published in Platelets, 2022
Weihua Huang, Haihui Gu, Zhiyan Zhan, Ruoru Wang, Lili Song, Yan Zhang, Yingwen Zhang, Shanshan Li, Jinqi Li, Yan Zang, Yanxin Li, Baohua Qian
Thrombopoietin (TPO), a hematopoietic cytokine, is the main regulator of megakaryopoiesis and stimulates progenitor expansion and MK formation in the early stages[13–16]; in 1994, TPO was the first soluble factor discovered that induced the differentiation of HSCs into MKs[17]. Abscisic acid (ABA), an essential phytohormone, protects plants from biotic and abiotic stress[18]. Although plants and humans have completely different ABA receptors, a number of studies have demonstrated that ABA is a universal signaling molecule in plants and animals[19–23]. It has been shown that human granulocytes, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and β pancreatic cells can produce and release ABA which exerts cell-specific effects[19, 20, 24, 25]. In models in vivo, ABA was demonstrated to expand human uncommitted hematopoietic progenitors (HPs) through an increase in the intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]) mediated by cADPR[23]. The expression of the ABA receptors LANCL-2 and GRP78 is upregulated during the differentiation of HSCs into mature MKs[26]. ABA has also been identified as a regulator of MKs [26].
Therapeutic potentials of endophytes for healthcare sustainability
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2021
Ayodeji O. Falade, Kayode E. Adewole, Temitope C. Ekundayo
The antidiabetic activity of a number of endophytic extracts and compounds have been reported by various studies [63–65]. The search on the antidiabetic activity of endophytes using ‘antidiabetic’ as the key word in equation 1 returned 33 items, 39% of which, were published between 2018 and 2020. ‘Glucosidase inhibition’ and ‘amylase inhibition’ together returned 8 items, of which, 50% were published between 2018 and 2020. From some of these studies, the endophytic Aspergillus awamori isolated from Acacia nilotica was reported with the ability to produce an uncharacterized peptide with alpha glucosidase and alpha amylase inhibitory activities [66]. The extract and the compounds: ‘(S)-(+)-2-cis-4-trans-abscisic acid, 7ʹ-hydroxy-abscisic acid and 4-des-hydroxyl altersolanol A’ obtained from Nigrospora oryzae hosted by Combretum dolichopetalum were reported to exhibit ability to reduce the fasting blood sugar of alloxan-induced diabetic mice [67]. Also, peniisocoumarins C, G and I, obtained from Penicillium commune QQF-3, have exhibited strong inhibitory activity against alpha-glucosidase [68].