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Bioactive Compounds in Marine Macro Algae and Their Role in Pharmacological Applications
Published in Parimelazhagan Thangaraj, Phytomedicine, 2020
Subramaniam Kalidass, Lakshmanan Ranjith, Palavesam Arunachalam, Amarnath Mathan Babu, Karuppasamy Kaviarasan
Plant growth hormones are available in seaweed extracts, which are used to induce plant growth and to improve the photosynthesis. Cytokinins are plant growth regulators that protect plants from temperature variations (Tarakhovskaya et al. 2007; Zhang et al. 2010), and these are synthesized by means of the bio-chemical modification of adenine. Other plant hormones are auxin, abscisic acid, and betaines that are found in macro algal extracts. Auxin functions to start the root formation and reduce its elongation, their concentration may vary, and it depends up on the species. Gibberellins play a major role to start seed germination and are formed in developing seeds from glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate. They were first identified in two brown algal extracts, such as a Fucus vesiculosus and Fucus spiralis (Tarakhovskaya et al. 2007). Abscisic acid is formed from carotenoids by more than 60 species of algae, and betaines are not usual plant hormones, which are also found in seaweed extracts (MacKinnon et al. 2010), and their role is to guard the plants from drought and frost (Craigie 2011). The brown algal extract, Ascophyllum nodosum, has a rich source of betaines (Khan et al. 2009; Craigie 2011).
Potential Significance of Proteases
Published in Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Megh R. Goyal, Masood Sadiq Butt, Phytochemicals from Medicinal Plants, 2019
Marwa Waheed, Muhammad Bilal Hussain, Sadia Hassan, Mohammad Ali Shariati, Oluwafemi Adeleke Ojo
Gibberellins hormone controls the movement of soluble sugars from starch in the cereals and transfer hereditary dwarfs of rice, pea, and corn in mature plants phenotypically.80 ABA sustains in the control of stomata closing and adaptation to different stresses. They cause commencement of undeveloped structure, for example, seeds and winter buds in higher plants species and deciduous trees, respectively. Amalgamation of storage proteins and seed maturation is also an important aspect of ABA. It is appropriate to mention that ethylene demonstrates inhibitory responses related to the ripening of fruits.75
Seaweed as Source of Plant Growth Promoters and Bio-Fertilizers
Published in Gokare A. Ravishankar, Ranga Rao Ambati, Handbook of Algal Technologies and Phytochemicals, 2019
Sananda Mondal, Debasish Panda
In seaweeds the existence of gibberellin-like substances is well known nowadays. The presence of gibberellic acid in Enteromorpha prolifera and Ecklonia radiata has been reported by Jennings (1968). At least two compounds have been recorded that behave like the gibberellins GA3 and GA7, although these may be vitamins A1 and A4 (Stephenson, 1968). A terpenoid, α-tocopherol, a major component of the E group of vitamins present in seaweeds, may mimic gibberellin activity (Gopala, 1984; Jensen, 1969). Gibberellin-like compounds are also readily found in a diversity of seaweeds. It is thought that these compounds may break down during the manufacturing process. Gibberellin activity has been found in some freshly made-up seaweed preparations (Panda et al., 2012).
Novel approaches to targeted protein degradation technologies in drug discovery
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2023
Yu Xue, Andrew A. Bolinger, Jia Zhou
Multiple plant hormone signaling pathways are regulated by UPS [14]. Retrospective studies demonstrated that these plant hormones functioned as MGs, exemplified by auxin, jasmonates, and gibberellin. Auxin (1) (chemical structure shown in Figure 2) regulates gene expression through promoting E3 ligase Skp1-cullin 1-F-box (SCF)-catalyzed degradation of the Aux/IAA transcription repressors [15]. A ternary complex co-crystal of auxin, transport inhibitor response 1 (TIR1), and Aux/IAA disclosed the mechanism, by which auxin enhanced the TIR1–substrate interactions as an MG, thereby inducing the degradation of Aux/IAA [3]. Jasmonates are reported to regulate the degradation of jasmonates ZIM-domain (JAZ) protein family in response to host immunity and stress response by binding to SCF substrate coronatine insensitive 1 (COI1) [16]. A co-crystal of JA-Ile (2, a jasmonate derivative) conjugate demonstrated the promotion of physical interaction between COI1 and JAZ1 [4]. Gibberellin was originally identified as a mycotoxin. Model studies of gibberellin signaling in plants suggest that it functions as an MG [5]. Through binding to gibberellin A3 (GA3, 3), gibberellin insensitive dwarf 1 (GID1) is induced to undergo a conformational switch, which in turn promotes the recognition of transcriptional regulator DELLA proteins (a SCF substrate) by SCFSLY1/GID2, thereby being ubiquitinated and degraded [17].
Seed germination of medicinal sage is affected by gibberellic acid, magnetic field and laser irradiation
Published in Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 2018
A. Abdani Nasiri, F. Mortazaeinezhad, R. Taheri
Plant hormones are among the most important factors affecting germination. Among others, they increase the rate of cellular division, and remove barriers, which adversely affect germination and growth. The activity of such hormones is controlled by plant genes, and plant hormones are able to affect the expression of plant genes. Adjusting gene expression may enhance seed germination (Li et al., 2014; Miransari & Smith, 2014). Gibberellins are such plant hormones. They are diterpenoids first obtained from the rice pathogenic fungus, Gibberella sp, and are now widely used for crop production (Santner et al., 2009; Sun, 2010; Yamaguchi, 2008).
A new regression model for bimodal data and applications in agriculture
Published in Journal of Applied Statistics, 2021
Julio Cezar Souza Vasconcelos, Gauss Moutinho Cordeiro, Edwin Moises Marcos Ortega, Édila Maria de Rezende
The data refer to index of germination speed of tomato seeds Ozone. The production of tomatoes for fresh consumption generally involves the germination of seeds in trays with subsequent transplanting of the seedlings. One of the main problems noted in this production system is the rapid vegetative growth of the aerial part (etiolation). This imbalance causes the formation of elongated and fragile seedlings with thin hypocotyls and few roots, making them more susceptible to biotic and abiotic stresses, with consequent death of these seedlings [26]. Some growth inhibitors, such as paclobutrazol (PBZ), are used to reduce this problem. PBZ is a growth regulator that belongs to the triazole group and acts by reducing biosynthesis of gibberellins (GAs). It therefore reduces the growth of the stem without impairing cell differentiation and without causing phytotoxicity [17]. The gibberellins are hormones responsible for regulating the height of plants, by promoting alteration of the juvenility and sexuality of the flowers and the establishment and growth of the fruits, besides affecting the activation of hydrolytic enzymes responsible for seed germination [29]. PBZ can be applied by foliar spraying, by soil applications or by seed treatment. The application by seed treatment is one of the safest options by avoiding the problem of residues in the fruits and environmental contamination [15]. However, since PBZ acts by reducing the synthesis of GAs, it can have deleterious effects on seed germination. Calculation of the germination speed index (GSI) proposed by [16] can be used as a test of the relative vigor of seeds in controlled laboratory germination experiments. There is a direct relationship between the germination sped and vigor of seeds [19]. Therefore, a reduction of the GSI serves as an indicator of a negative influence on seed germination.