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Central nervous system
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
The interior of the cerebral hemispheres is composed mainly of nerve fibres (white matter) and contains two cavities, the lateral ventricles that are filled with CSF (Fig. 11.2a). There are, however, three important areas of grey matter in the interior of the cerebral hemispheres. The basal ganglia lie on the anterior and central parts of the lateral walls of the lateral ventricles and influence skeletal muscle tone. The thalamus, which is situated below the corpus callosum, forms the lateral wall of the third ventricle and acts as a relay station for peripheral nerve impulses passing from the spinal cord to the sensory cortex. The hypothalamus, which lies below the thalamus, forms the floor of the third ventricle. It is attached to the posterior pituitary gland and acts as a control centre for bodily functions such as the regulation of body temperature, sleep and metabolism of fats and carbohydrates.
A primer on sleeping, dreaming, and psychoactive agents
Published in Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions, 2023
Sleeping is an integral part of our lives, and yet the scope of its importance is typically not fully appreciated. While most realize sleep is necessary for physical health, what is not as readily acknowledged is the importance of dreaming for mental health. The need for sleep is so essential that if we miss one night of sleep, our body tries to recover what was lost in subsequent nights. Sleep appears to be universal in that virtually every species has some kind of sleep. There are various theories behind why we must sleep, with physical rest being only a partial explanation. There is no argument that sleep allows our bodies to save and restore energy, and that while we sleep, our metabolism is much slower than when we are awake but there are also periods of sleep when our brain is actually more active than during wakefulness. While we are asleep, our brains also reorganize and store information, something for which dreaming is crucial; the rapid eye movement (REM) stage of sleep plays a role in memory retention and consolidation, for even one night without REM sleep decreases the ability to retain newly learned information. The retention of complex information is greatly reduced when a person is deprived of the REM stage of sleep. It has also been hypothesized that REM sleep is designed to remove useless information from memory in a selective pruning process that balances the number of new synapses the brain generates during development and learning. Thus, dreaming is as important for removing unwanted information as it is for storing important data (Diekelmann & Born, 2010; Li et al., 2017).
Mitochondria’s role in sleep: Novel insights from sleep deprivation and restriction studies
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2022
Lindsay M. Melhuish Beaupre, Gregory M. Brown, Nicole A. Braganza, James L. Kennedy, Vanessa F. Gonçalves
There is compelling evidence suggesting a link between sleep and metabolism. More specifically, energy expenditure is at its lowest level during sleep and sleep deprivation leads to a significant increase in this expenditure (Jung et al. 2011). In support of this, sleep disturbances have been associated with increased rates of metabolic disorders, such as diabetes and obesity (Cappuccio et al. 2008; Chaput et al. 2008; Beihl et al. 2009; Grandner et al. 2012). Night-shift workers, who are forced to alter their circadian rhythms due to their work schedules, not only experience poorer sleep quality, but are also at a greater risk of metabolic disorders (Wang et al. 2014; Hansen et al. 2016; Lim et al. 2018). Differences in regional cerebral glucose metabolic rates have also been noted between non-rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and wake states in various brain regions, but especially in prefrontal cortex (Kay et al. 2016). Finally, there is evidence supporting the involvement of the circadian clock in energy metabolism. These include processes such as glucose homeostasis (Rudic et al. 2004), insulin secretion (Marcheva et al. 2010) and various functions of mitochondria, including regulation of OXPHOS (Peek et al. 2013; Scrima et al. 2016). Mitochondrial morphology and dynamics, as well as expression of rate-limiting mitochondrial enzymes also display circadian oscillations (Jacobi et al. 2015; Neufeld-Cohen et al. 2016; Schmitt et al. 2018).
The association between sleep chronotype and obesity among black and white participants of the Bogalusa Heart Study
Published in Chronobiology International, 2020
Xunming Sun, Jeanette Gustat, Suzanne M. Bertisch, Susan Redline, Lydia Bazzano
We explored the association between sleep chronotype and obesity in a middle-aged, Southern United States, black and white community population using data from a subset of the Bogalusa Heart Study cohort (Berenson 2001). We hope the results of this study may lead to targeted approaches and interventions for improving future health at the intersection of sleep and metabolism.