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Oral Nutritional Supplements and Appetite Stimulation Therapy
Published in Michael M. Rothkopf, Jennifer C. Johnson, Optimizing Metabolic Status for the Hospitalized Patient, 2023
Michael M. Rothkopf, Jennifer C. Johnson
Appetite is about a desire to eat. It is a choice the patient wants to make. To evaluate this with a patient, begin with some basic questions about food desire. The question “What do you want to eat?” is a good starting point. Ask about favorite foods and if the patient thinks about them between or before meals. When a menu is presented from the food service, what foods do they wish were available. Ask whether food shown in a TV commercial or program looks appealing. Similarly, ask if their interest is sparked when a friend or relative talks about a snack or meal. This line of questions is intended to gauge the patient’s desire to eat.
Chemosensory Influences on Eating and Drinking, and Their Cognitive Mediation
Published in Alan R. Hirsch, Nutrition and Sensation, 2023
Hunger is not a purely bodily state that compels ingestion of food. Appetite is not a mental state driven solely by the sight or other sensing of food, drink, or other objects of desire. Rather, ingestive appetite is the cognitive-behavioral tendency to take a mouthful or more of a food and/or a drink, whatever the causes of that disposition are on a particular occasion. Appetite for food (usually in solid form) simply is hunger motivation. Similarly, thirst motivation is the appetite for a watery fluid.
Weaning a Baby onto a Vegan Diet
Published in Mary Nolan, Shona Gore, Contemporary Issues in Perinatal Education, 2023
From eight months of age, it is recommended that food starts being offered before breastmilk or formula. An increasing variety of foods from each of the plant food groups should be offered every day. The amount of food consumed will increase according to appetite. Full fat fortified soy milk can be used on cereal and in cooking but should not replace breastmilk or formula or be used as a drink until 12 months of age.
Gastrointestinal disorders potentially associated with Semaglutide: an analysis from the Eudravigilance Database
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 2023
António Cabral Lopes, Fátima Roque, Olga Lourenço, Maria Teresa Herdeiro, Manuel Morgado
Regarding the typology of reported ADRs, in more serious cases, it was possible to observe that vomiting, diarrhea, and nausea were the most frequent gastrointestinal clinical manifestations. From the point of view of metabolic and nutritional disorders, there was a considerable report of dehydration and loss of appetite. Urinary and kidney disorders were mainly represented by acute kidney injury and kidney failure. Atrial fibrillation and myocardial infarction were the most represented clinical manifestations in terms of cardiac disorders [9,16]. These results are in line with the information contained in the summary of product characteristics, according to which the most frequent ADR for semalgutide are gastrointestinal disorders (nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, abdominal distension, among others); hypoglycemia (especially when associated with other antidiabetic drugs); reduced appetite; fatigue; lipase and amylase elevation; or even weight loss [45,46]. For both dosage forms, higher doses are often associated with more frequent GI disorders, as such, a dose-escalation schedule is recommended, starting with a low dose (3 mg) [47–49].
Intragastric fructose administration interacts with emotional state in homeostatic and hedonic brain regions
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2022
Julie Iven, Jessica R. Biesiekierski, Dongxing Zhao, Jan Tack, Lukas Van Oudenhove
Appetite-related sensations. Fructose did not alter appetite-related sensation scores (main effect of nutrient, F(1,14) = 0.00, p = 0.96 for hunger scores, F(1,14) = 0.06, p = 0.81 for prospective food consumption, F(1,14) = 0.09, p = 0.77 for satiety, F(1,14) = 0.45, p = 0.96 for fullness). Further, appetite-related sensations did not differ between both emotional states (main effect of emotion, F(1,14) = 2.95, p = 0.11 for hunger, F(1,14) = 0.05, p = 0.83 for prospective food consumption, F(1,14) = 0.19, p = 0.67 for satiety, F(1,14) = 0.45, p = 0.51 for fullness). Finally, the effect of fructose versus placebo did not differ between the two emotional states, as no significant nutrient-by-emotion interaction effects were found (hunger (F(1,14) = 0.02, p = 0.89), prospective food consumption (F(1,14) = 0.21, p = 0.65), satiety (F(1,4) = 0.02, p = 0.89) and fullness (F(1,14) = 1.73, p = 0.21) (data not shown). Minimal nausea scores were reported (strongly zero-inflated distributions with very limited amount of variability, not permitting formal statistical analysis), indicating good tolerance of both infusions.
Mediastinal lymphadenopathy: a practical approach
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2021
Hariharan Iyer, Abhishek Anand, PB Sryma, Kartik Gupta, Priyanka Naranje, Nishikant Damle, Saurabh Mittal, Neha Kawatra Madan, Anant Mohan, Vijay Hadda, Pawan Tiwari, Randeep Guleria, Karan Madan
Many patients with lung cancer present with endobronchial symptoms like cough and hemoptysis. Other symptoms may include loss of appetite and weight. However, in the majority of patients with peripheral tumors, endobronchial symptoms may be absent. Many patients with lung cancer may have predominant or isolated mediastinal involvement. The symptoms may also occur due to the compression of the mediastinal structures by the enlarged lymph nodes. Enlarged nodes in case of central tumors such as small cell carcinoma may compress the superior vena cava. Patients may present with symptoms such as engorged neck and upper arm veins, facial plethora and swelling. Enlarged left paratracheal nodes may compress the recurrent laryngeal nerve and lead to hoarseness of voice. Rarely enlarged nodes may cause significant compression of the tracheobronchial tree and may present with central airway obstruction features such as stridor and post-obstructive pneumonia [22]. Radiologically, isolated mediastinal adenopathy is unlikely. Usually, the involvement of mediastinal lymph nodes in lung cancer is due to metastasis. However, there can be an enlarged lymph nodal mass in small cell cancer, which is centrally located (Figure 7). CT allows identifying the enlarged lymph nodes, size, and exact location, which will help select the best possible diagnostic approach.