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Consciousness, Sleep and Hypnosis, Meditation, and Psychoactive Drugs
Published in Mohamed Ahmed Abd El-Hay, Understanding Psychology for Medicine and Nursing, 2019
After several nights of selectively depriving REM sleep, when those subjects are allowed to sleep uninterrupted, they experience REM rebound, the amount of time spent in REM sleep increases by as much as 50 percent. Similarly, when people are selectively deprived of NREM stages 3 and 4, they experience NREM rebound, spending more time in NREM sleep (Borbély & Achermann, 2005; Tobler, 2005). Thus, it seems that the brain needs to experience the full range of sleep states, making up for missing sleep components when given the chance.
Bacterial Endotoxin Induced Fever Affects Arousal States
Published in Alan J. Husband, Psychoimmunology CNS-Immune Interactions, 2019
D.F. Bull, M.S. Exton, C.P. Campbell, M.G. King, A.J. Husband
An omission from all previous research is the effect of extended periods of REM sleep on thermoregulation and immunity in mammals. REM sleep of extended duration of occurs as the "REM rebound" effect. Parmeggiani9 reports that when REM sleep is decreased during ambient temperature extremes, the cumulative (debt is paid) upon a return to thermal neutrality. Various other conditions also result in extended REM sleep. Lishman10 has proposed that increasing levels of alcohol intoxication results in a reduced amount of REM sleep. After withdrawal from alcohol abuse, the rebound effect of REM sleep occurs, resulting in an excess of REM sleep. Lishman10 also reports that prior to an attack of delirium tremens REM sleep may actually occupy the total sleep time.
Electrophysiology of Drugs of Dependence
Published in S.J. Mulé, Henry Brill, Chemical and Biological Aspects of Drug Dependence, 2019
Many EEG studies of benzodiazepines and barbiturates focus on the effect of single doses used as soporifics, usually given shortly before bedtime. The effects on the duration of various sleep stages, including REM, are measured. REM time is usually reduced during the first nights of administration, gradually returning to baseline levels, with a significant increase in REM time on the first post-withdrawal night (“REM rebound”).26 The gradual return of REM activity, even when drug administration continues, and REM rebound are evidence of the development of tolerance. Withdrawal effects are also prominent, often with the development of seizure activity in the EEG, and clinically, in subjects who have taken high doses of barbiturates for extended periods.13
The effect of acute alcohol ingestion on systemic hemodynamics and sleep architecture in young, healthy men
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2022
Daniel K. Payseur, Jacqueline R. Belhumeur, Lisa A. Curtin, Anne M. Moody, Scott R. Collier
While an increase was observed for total sleep time after alcohol, the changes in stage sleep are important to consider. Increases in light and REM stages indicate an altered sleep cycle and a nonsignificant decrease in deep sleep further points to a diminished sleep quality. The literature on alcohol-related sleep disturbances largely includes older adults and less is known on younger cohorts.46 It is well-accepted that nocturnal effects of alcohol vary between the first and second halves of sleep. During the first half of sleep when alcohol is at peak concentration in the body, more time is spent in deep sleep and less in light and REM stages. In the second half of sleep during alcohol metabolism, a “REM rebound” occurs resulting in lengthened REM and less slow wave sleep.47,48 The current study observed a small increase in REM stage, while other studies conducted in young adults have not shown this change.49,50 The disturbances in sleep stages after alcohol are present, although subtle, in the present study and further investigation of these mechanisms is warranted in young adults. The present study is specifically limited by employment of a relatively small sample of healthy college-age male who did not endorse concerning patterns of alcohol consumption.
Sex differences in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis response following a single or multiple days of sleep restriction
Published in Stress, 2020
Katelyn N. Buban, Elizabeth A. Shupe, Stephen W. Rothwell, T. John Wu
In conclusion, the above experiments illustrate that HPA axis reactivity is attenuated several hours following one or multiple bouts of sleep restriction in a sex-dependent manner. Past studies have reported an increase in basal CORT levels immediately following PSD (Arthaud et al., 2015; Machado et al., 2013; Meerlo et al., 2002; Sgoifo et al., 2006). However, following a period of sleep recovery, characterized by REM rebound, basal CORT levels show a return to baseline as soon as 4 h following the end of the sleep deprivation period (Arthaud et al., 2015; Meerlo et al., 2002). Interestingly, past studies in rodents have shown no significant changes in restraint-induced CORT levels following sleep restriction (Meerlo et al., 2002; Novati et al., 2008; Sgoifo et al., 2006), while some human studies have revealed a blunted CORT response to stressors (Capaldi, Handwerger, Richardson, & Stroud, 2005; Vargas & Lopez-Duran, 2017; Wright, Valdimarsdottir, Erblich, & Bovbjerg, 2007). These divergent findings could be due to species-specific differences or more likely reflect variations in sleep restriction protocols. Our findings put forth several considerations for possible mechanisms by which sleep loss may contribute to the changes seen in HPA axis reactivity (Figure 5). Plasticity driven changes in Pomc and Crfr1 might be indicative of alterations in the bioavailability and release of ACTH following sleep restriction. The sex difference in HPA axis reactivity could also be the result of sex-dependent changes in adrenal sensitivity exhibited by alterations in adrenal Mc2r expression in males. Furthermore, alterations in CORT feedback may mediate the differential responses to varying amounts of sleep restriction. Altogether, these findings provide a framework for better understanding how PSD can alter HPA axis function and reactivity, and possible neurobiological mechanisms by which this dysregulation occurs.
Treatment of Nightmares in Psychiatric Inpatients With Imagery Rehearsal Therapy: An Open Trial and Case Series
Published in Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 2019
Thomas E. Ellis, Katrina A. Rufino, Michael R. Nadorff
Though often viewed as merely a nuisance, nightmares can have profound adverse effects on the sufferer. In addition to awakening the individual during the sleep cycle, nightmares may also make it difficult to return to sleep. Additionally, patients with clinically significant nightmares commonly report resisting sleep in order to avoid nightmares (American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 2014). Due to the REM rebound effect, such sleep interruption commonly serves only to make nightmares worse.