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Digital Deformities in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Published in J. Terrence Jose Jerome, Clinical Examination of the Hand, 2022
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) typically affects the hand and/or the wrist in 90% of cases. It can affect these anatomical structures to varying degrees of severity. In the absence of treatment, joints and tendons can become compromised and result in deformities causing a loss of function which in turn can lead to disability/handicap [4,7,10,12,13,15,19,23,34].
The Lymphatic/Immune System and Its Disorders
Published in Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss, Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss
The objective of the immune system is to identify and remove foreign invasion. The body, however, is capable of developing antibodies and sensitized lymphocytes directed against components normally present in the individual. Autoimmunity (immunity to one's self) leads to a number of conditions, depending on the tissues to which the immune system reacts. For example, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a connective tissue disorder that presents with skin eruptions, arthralgia, leukopenia, and other symptoms. Autoimmunity is generally implicated by the presence of hypergammaglobulinemia (excess of gamma globulins). Other diseases with an autoimmune component include rheumatoid arthritis and autoimmune thyroiditis.
Quality of Life in Elderly with Rheumatoid Arthritis in Aceh Regency
Published in Teuku Tahlil, Hajjul Kamil, Asniar, Marthoenis, Challenges in Nursing Education and Research, 2020
Yunita Sari, Kartini Hasballah, Suryane Sulistiana Susanti
Problems that are often experienced by the elderly with rheumatoid arthritis are pain, stiffness (stiffness) and weakness, and the presence of three main signs, namely: joint swelling, muscle weakness, and movement disorders (Hyulita, 2014). Increased pain during activity, impaired function and structure of the body makes the activities of the elderly become limited (Oktarina, 2016). This causes a change in their quality of life.
Triptolide and l -ascorbate palmitate co-loaded micelles for combination therapy of rheumatoid arthritis and side effect attenuation
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Man Li, Guoqiang Wang, Yinyin Yan, Mengyuan Jiang, Zhirong Wang, Zhenqiang Zhang, Xiangxiang Wu, Huahui Zeng
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease of joints, characterized by hyperplasia of synovial joints, joint inflammation, cartilage erosion and bone destruction (Liu et al., 2021). The destruction of cartilage, bone and other adjacent tissues are often irreversible in the later stages of the disease, which will eventually lead to severe joint deformities and even disabilities (Zhao et al., 2021). The global incidence rate of rheumatoid arthritis is about 0.4% to 1.3% (Littlejohn & Monrad, 2018). Currently available anti-rheumatic drugs, including non-steroidal drugs, glucocorticoids, and biological agents, cannot cure RA radically but only relieve its symptoms and progression (Goldbach-Mansky et al., 2009; Weber et al., 2019). In China, herbal medicines have been extensively utilized as alternative anti-rheumatic drugs for decades (Zhao et al., 2019; Li & Zhang, 2020). However, the traditional herbs contain a lot of ingredients which may result in serious side-effects (Wang et al., 2019). Therefore, the functions of every ingredient must be further defined to improve the therapeutic performance of the herbs.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a proposed tocilizumab biosimilar MSB11456 versus both the US-licensed and EU-approved products: a randomized, double-blind trial
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2022
Christian Schwabe, Andras Illes, Martin Ullmann, Vishal Ghori, Emmanuelle Vincent, Corinne Petit-Frere, Joelle Monnet, Anne Sophie Racault, Chris Wynne
Tocilizumab is an established treatment option for adults with moderate-to-severe rheumatoid arthritis who respond inadequately to synthetic or other biologic DMARDs [1]. The observed benefit with tocilizumab in patients in the early phases of rheumatoid arthritis [10], and knowledge that IL-6 contributes to the first phase of this disease, suggest that initiating tocilizumab in patients with newly diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis may be of particular benefit [1]. Updated European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) recommendations indicate that IL-6-pathway inhibitors may have some advantages over other biologics in patients with contraindications to/intolerance of conventional synthetic DMARDs and that less costly drugs, such as biosimilars, should be preferred over more costly ones provided they are similarly efficacious and safe, and in line with treatment recommendations [23]. Currently, several effective treatment options for rheumatoid arthritis are available on the market, but these drugs are costly, which limits widespread use and contributes to inequities in access to best care both across regions and countries [24]. The development of biosimilars has introduced price competition and led to a reduction in the net costs of biologics [24]; tocilizumab biosimilars can be expected to contribute to this improved cost-effectiveness of therapy.
Pulmonary fibrosis associated with rheumatoid arthritis: from pathophysiology to treatment strategies
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2022
Rheumatoid arthritis occurs on a strong genetic background, as heritability of the disease is estimated to be about 60%, about half of it associated with genes in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II system [26,27]. HLA-DRB1 alleles encode the third hypervariable region of the immunocompatibility antigen beta-chain and disease-associated alleles contain a five amino acid sequence referred to as the ‘shared epitope’ [28]. These alleles constitute the single strongest genetic risk factor for RA [29]. Another major genetic component of RA is a missense single nucleotide polymorphism in the gene encoding the protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPN22, potentially altering its function of T-cell negative regulation [30]. In addition, cytotoxic lymphocyte T antigen 4 (CTLA4) gene polymorphisms and haplotypes of peptidylarginine deiminase type 4 gene are involved in the susceptibility to RA [31,32].