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Marine Chondroitin Sulfate and Its Potential Applications
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
There were no histopathological alterations in intestinal tissue in rabbit tests, indicating that the liposomal formulation employed was safe. As a result, liposomes can be regarded as a viable oral permeation enhancer system for glucosamine sulfate and chondroitin sulfate, even though bioavailability studies are still warranted (Agiba et al., 2018). In comparison to placebo, glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate offered statistically significant pain alleviation (Barrow, 2010). A study revealed that a single dosage of up to four capsules containing 500 mg chondroitin sulfate and 400 mg glucosamine sulfate was well tolerated, with a profile that was consistent with 12-hour treatment (Toffoletto et al., 2005). Preventive therapy, larger dosages and multimodality methods with certain combination treatments were all linked to beneficial effects of glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate treatments (Fernández-Martín et al., 2021). In long-term usage, a combination of oral chondroprotective glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate has shown efficacy in modifying osteoarthritis while also having a favorable safety profile (Agiba, 2017).
Nutritional Ergogenic Aids: Introduction, Definitions and Regulatory Issues
Published in Ira Wolinsky, Judy A. Driskell, Nutritional Ergogenic Aids, 2004
Ira Wolinsky, Judy A. Driskell
A number of years ago, based on in vitro studies, chondroitin sulfate was identified as a supplement that might provide chondroprotection.25 A multicenter randomized double-blind controlled study of 143 subjects with osteoarthritis that used three different formulations of chondroitin sufate showed that improvement of subjective symptoms was achieved after 3 months of treatment.26 A single daily dose of 1200 mg was found just as effective as three 400 mg doses.
Veterinary Medicine’s Advances in Regenerative Orthopedics
Published in Kohlstadt Ingrid, Cintron Kenneth, Metabolic Therapies in Orthopedics, Second Edition, 2018
Sophie H. Bogers, Jennifer G. Barrett
Clinical results for the treatment of equine OA with ACS have been promising; however, it is a combinatorial substance, and the precise mechanisms of action remain incompletely understood. Treatment of a carpal osteochondral fragment model of equine OA with IRAP I™ injected four times at weekly intervals, found improved lameness, synovial thickness and cartilage fibrillation compared to saline-treated controls (Frisbie et al., 2007). The injection frequency of ACS is likely important. Horses with arthroscopically defined OA treated with three injections of IRAP II™ at 2-day intervals had significantly lower levels of IL-1β, biomarkers of cartilage degradation and IL-1Ra 42 days after treatment initiation compared to horses injected at 7 -day intervals (Lasarzik et al., 2016). Despite clinical improvements, in vitro studies have not shown chondroprotective effects. Although ACS (IRAP II™) increased IL-1Ra and IGF-1 in equine cartilage explants treated with IL-1β, there was no significant difference in MMP-3 production and proteoglycan loss or synthesis between ACS and serum-treated samples (Carlson et al., 2013). The ability of ACS to provide chondroprotection and mechanisms of action remain incompletely understood, so its efficacy is currently based on improvements in clinical signs and symptoms. Autologous blood products that concentrate platelets, such as PRP and L‑PRP, are mostly used in canine OA; however, it has been established that canine ACS has increased IL-1Ra:IL-1β ratios compared to plasma, and the IL-1Ra levels are comparable to equine and human products (Sawyere et al., 2016; Huggins et al., 2015).
Emerging therapeutic targets for osteoarthritis
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 2023
Several studies have examined the use of rapamycin, an inhibitor of mTORC1, in order to increase autophagy in the disease state. Indeed, rapamycin is chondroprotective in mouse studies of surgically induced OA [19,20]. Rapamycin reduces matrix metallopeptidase-13 (MMP-13) expression, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression, and chondrocyte apoptosis, although this effect is not maintained at longer timepoints due to damaged, inactive chondrocytes [21]. Additional studies reveal a downregulation of MMP-3, -9, ADAMTS5, and the chemokines chemokine ligand (CCL) -1, -2, and -5 following rapamycin treatment, demonstrating a mechanism for its chondroprotective ability [22]. Additionally, this chondroprotection extends to an inflammatory environment in vitro, an important consideration in the modern understanding of OA as an inflammatory disease [23]. Studies have also demonstrated that rapamycin may additionally act by inhibiting the Wnt/β-catenin and NF-κB pathways, demonstrating its therapeutic potential [21,22].
Treating osteoarthritis pain: mechanisms of action of acetaminophen, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, opioids, and nerve growth factor antibodies
Published in Postgraduate Medicine, 2021
Yvonne D’Arcy, Patrick Mantyh, Tony Yaksh, Sean Donevan, Jerry Hall, Mojgan Sadrarhami, Lars Viktrup
Hyaluronic acid is naturally found in joints and provides viscoelasticity to synovial fluid [130,132]. Analgesic effects of IAHA have been reported at and beyond 12 weeks of treatment, despite a relatively short presence in the joint following administration [62]. The analgesic mechanisms of IAHA are unclear, but pre-clinical studies have offered several possibilities. The most studied mechanism involves chondroprotection, but other possibilities include promotion of proteoglycan and glycosaminoglycan synthesis, anti-inflammatory actions, lubrication and shock absorption, protection of subchondral bone, and effects on nociceptors within the joint [132]. OARSI treatment guidelines conditionally recommend IAHA for all types of patients with knee (but not hip) OA, citing beneficial analgesic effects and a more favorable safety profile than repeated intra-articular injections of corticosteroids [62]. In contrast, however, ACR guidelines recommend against the use of IAHA in patients with OA of the knee (conditionally) or hip (strongly) [5]. They note that the best quality evidence (based on meta-analysis of low bias studies) available for IAHA demonstrates effects sizes that approach zero compared to saline [5]. As a result, ACR only advocates for the use of IAHA in patients with knee OA who have exhausted other treatment options such as NSAIDs and IACS [5].
Comparison of antiproliferative effect of epigallocatechin gallate when loaded into cationic solid lipid nanoparticles against different cell lines
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2019
Amélia M. Silva, Carlos Martins-Gomes, Joana F. Fangueiro, Tatiana Andreani, Eliana B. Souto
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is the major polyphenol found in green tea (Camellia sinensis L.) which has been gaining special interest in food and pharmaceutical industries. EGCG has revealed several beneficial health effects, including anti-inflammatory (Cavet et al. 2011), anti-carcinogenic (Farabegoli et al. 2011; Santos et al. 2013; Radhakrishnan et al. 2016; Shin et al. 2016), antioxidant (Cavet et al. 2011; Zhou and Elias 2013), anti-angiogenic (Yamakawa et al. 2004; Piyaviriyakul et al. 2011), anti-diabetic (Wolfram et al. 2006; Chen et al. 2009) and anti-bacterial (Lee et al. 2017). It has also been reported its use as chondroprotective agent as it suppressed the inflammatory response in osteoarthritis models (Akhtar and Haqqi 2011; Min et al. 2015), as well as a cardiovascular protector (Wolfram 2007; Oyama et al. 2017) and neuroprotector (Lee et al. 2015; Ortiz-López et al. 2016). EGCG is the most powerful catechin present in the green tea, regarding the chemopreventive and apoptosis-inducing molecules (Azam et al. 2004).