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Physical and Physiological Reponses and Adaptations
Published in Michael H. Stone, Timothy J. Suchomel, W. Guy Hornsby, John P. Wagle, Aaron J. Cunanan, Strength and Conditioning in Sports, 2023
Michael H. Stone, Timothy J. Suchomel, W. Guy Hornsby, John P. Wagle, Aaron J. Cunanan
Other musculoskeletal adaptations to endurance training may include stimulating bone growth and strengthening tendons and ligaments. Endurance training activities exist on a spectrum with low-intensity, long-duration activities on one end and high-intensity, shorter duration on the other end. While the relative intensity of the endurance activity must reach a threshold above an individual’s daily activity strain to stimulate osteogenesis (15), it has been suggested that higher intensity activities such as running and high-intensity aerobics may stimulate bone growth to a greater extent (15, 17). Based on this rationale, higher intensity activities would benefit bone growth to a greater extent. For example, researchers have shown interval training (16) and weight training (24) to stimulate bone growth to a greater extent than lower intensity activities. The relative intensity of the training stimulus also appears to influence the ability of tendons, ligaments, and cartilage to grow and become stronger (63).
Diagnostic tests in respiratory medicine
Published in Vibeke Backer, Peter G. Gibson, Ian D. Pavord, The Asthmas, 2023
Vibeke Backer, Peter G. Gibson, Ian D. Pavord
Most asthma patients suffer from EIA when they exercise. Pre-treatment with anti-asthmatic therapy or interval training as a warmup has been recommended. However, exercise has also been suggested as a non-pharmacological treatment for asthma. The treatment guidelines from the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) recommend that physicians encourage patients to engage in physical exercise because of its well-known health benefits. However, the extent to which exercise improves asthma-related outcomes in adult patients, such as asthma control, lung function and airway inflammation, is not fully understood. Previous meta-analyses investigating exercise interventions in asthma have included studies with children and adolescents or have focused on bronchial hyperreactivity, but studies of adult patients with asthma are limited. For some time, it was uncertain whether it was possible to perform endurance training in patients with asthma, but it has recently been documented that this is safe. Furthermore, elite athletes who perform endurance sports are more likely to develop asthma than those who play team sports. The most popular clinical exercise tests, in order of increasing complexity are: (1) stair climbing, (2) the 6-minute walking test (6MWT), (3) shuttle-walking test, (4) detection of EIA and (5) cardiopulmonary exercise testing (oxygen uptake).
Molecular adaptations to endurance exercise and skeletal muscle fibre plasticity
Published in Adam P. Sharples, James P. Morton, Henning Wackerhage, Molecular Exercise Physiology, 2022
What about endurance training recommendations for endurance athletes? Specific endurance training recommendations are given in thousands of sports books, YouTube™ videos and internet articles but almost all of this information is subjective. We know of no specific recommendations for endurance exercise for athletes that are based on a rich body of data coming from randomised controlled trials, which is seen as the highest level of scientific evidence, or from large-scale epidemiological studies. Instead, observational studies looking at the training habits of elite endurance athletes are used. In a review of this literature, Stöggl and Sperlich (12) showed that during the ‘base phase’ (the time when an athlete is training in the offseason to increase aerobic capacity) most athletes are performing ~90% of their training in Zone 1 (low intensity with steady state lactate <2mM), ~8% of their training in Zone 2 (high-intensity intervals lasting <5 minutes with lactate at ~4 mM), and <5% of their training in Zone 3 (sprint intervals lasting <30 seconds with lactate >4 mM). As the athletes get closer to competition, they shift their training to ~80% Zone 1, 12% Zone 2 and 8% Zone 3. In other words, most elite athletes use a polarised training plan, with most of their training (≥ 80%) performed at a low intensity and the other 20% performed at high-intensity or sprint intervals. As we describe the molecular signals that drive the aerobic adaptations later in this chapter, why these training intensities are used will hopefully become clearer.
Factors predicting long-term physical activity of breast cancer survivors. 5-year-follow-up of the BREX exercise intervention study
Published in Acta Oncologica, 2022
Kristiina Kokkonen, Pirkko-Liisa Kellokumpu-Lehtinen, Markku Kankaanpää, Riku Nikander, Heidi Maria Penttinen, Meri Utriainen, Leena Vehmanen, Riikka Huovinen, Hannu Kautiainen, Carl Blomqvist, Tiina Saarto
After the baseline visit, the patients were randomized either into 12-month supervised exercise training group or control group. The exercise intervention consisted of both supervised and home training protocol. The supervised training was organized once a week as a 60-min endurance program and rotating between step-aerobics and a circuit-training with switch every fortnight. The intensity of exercise was assessed by a Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale, which relies on self-estimation of stress level. After the first six weeks of less intensive training, the stress level was raised toward 14–16 RPE’s [49]. This equals to exercise that feels ‘somewhat hard’ or ‘hard’ and corresponds to 5–7 metabolic equivalents (METs). A metabolic equivalent (MET) unit is the amount of oxygen consumed at rest in supine position and matches 3.5 ml oxygen consumption per kilogram each minute [50]. The home training sessions included endurance training twice-a-week. The nonsupervised endurance training consisted of walking, Nordic walking, or aerobic training. The control group was recommended to maintain their usual level of physical activity and exercise habits during the follow-up.
Strength and endurance deficits in adults with moderate-to-severe hip osteoarthritis, compared to healthy, older adults
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2022
Louise C. Burgess, Paul Taylor, Thomas W. Wainwright, Ian D. Swain
Endurance training induces central and peripheral adaptations that improve cardiovascular function and the capacity of skeletal muscles to generate energy through oxidative metabolism [60]. In both hip and knee osteoarthritis, knee extensor exercises are commonly prescribed, however, not always with the training principles required to promote endurance benefits [61]. Training with low repetitions and high resistance favours adaptions for strength, power, and hypertrophy, whereas training with high repetitions and low resistance increases muscular endurance and appears more suitable for submaximal, prolonged contractions [62]. Given the concern that high-intensity or high-load strength training may increase pain and joint stress for those with osteoarthritis [63], in addition to the function and endurance deficits observed in the present study, endurance training may be the most suitable training modality in the hip osteoarthritis population. For example, research has shown benefits of indoor cycling classes [64] and circuit-based weight training for adults with hip osteoarthritis [65]. Clinically, our findings are important to inform specific exercise prescription in physiotherapy and exercise programmes for the hip osteoarthritis population.
Use of coronary artery calcium and coronary tomography angiography in the evaluation of ischemic heart disease
Published in Hospital Practice, 2022
Abdullah Zoheb Azhar, Devesh Rai, Dhrubajyoti Bandyopadhyay, Wojciech Rzechorzek, Tauseef Akhtar, Wilbert S. Aronow, Pragya Ranjan
It has been observed that there is an association of endurance training with increased coronary calcification leading to increasing concern about the impact of high intensity physical activity on overall cardiovascular health, contradictory to the long-held belief that physical fitness mitigated the overall risk of development of cardiovascular disease. To investigate this further, researchers conducted a study in 2017 in which 152 middle-aged masters athletes were compared to 92 controls of similar age, gender and Framingham scores. The study found that most athletes had a coronary calcium score of 0 and while male athletes were more likely to have a Ca score of > 300 than sedentary males with the same profile, there was a difference in the plaque characteristics observed in the two groups. Male athletes tended to have more calcified plaque, as opposed to ‘mixed plaque,’ which is considered ‘stable’ and possibly protective against plaque rupture and acute coronary syndrome. [60]