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Structured Exercise, Lifestyle Physical Activity, and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Diseases
Published in Gia Merlo, Kathy Berra, Lifestyle Nursing, 2023
Barry A. Franklin, Thomas F. O’Connell
The most effective exercises for the endurance or conditioning phase include walking, graded walking, jogging, running, stationary cycle ergometry, combined arm-leg ergometry, outdoor cycling, swimming, rope skipping, and rowing. Complementary PA recommendations include resistance training (Grafe et al., 2018; Jurca et al., 2005; McCartney et al., 1993; Williams et al., 2007) and increased lifestyle activity (Andersen et al., 1999; Dunn et al., 1999), both of which provide independent and additive benefits to an aerobic exercise regimen. To improve aerobic capacity or CRF, the “minimum” or threshold intensity for training is ~40−50% of the VO2max, which corresponds to ~60−70% of the highest heart rate achieved during maximal or peak exercise testing. For patients who have not undergone recent exercise testing, we recommend the standing resting heart rate plus 20 to 30 beats/minute for the initial exercise intensity, using signs/symptoms and perceived exertion as additional intensity modulators (Franklin & Zhu, 2021). Over time, the exercise intensity should be gradually increased to 50−80% of aerobic capacity, which approximates 70−85% of the highest heart rate attained during exercise testing.
The Integrative Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) Prevention Program
Published in Mark C Houston, The Truth About Heart Disease, 2023
Quercetin, a flavonoid found in fruits and vegetables, has unique biological properties that may improve CHD and other cardiovascular problems. It also has other properties including anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory (lowers HS-CRP), antiviral, antioxidant, and has the ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation, platelet aggregation, and capillary permeability, and stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis. Quercetin (25 mg/kg) administered to rabbits on a high cholesterol diet had reduced progression and increased regression of atherosclerosis. It lowers the oxidative stress substance called myeloperoxidase (MPO), increases the removal of LDL cholesterol from cells called reverse cholesterol transport (RCT), and increases paraoxonase 2 (PON 2), which improves HDL function and decreases the oxidation of LDL. In addition, quercetin will improve endothelial function and increase nitric oxide, lower blood pressure, and decrease platelet aggregation and thrombosis. Exercise endurance is enhanced. There is an increase in muscle mitochondria in humans. Quercetin may slow aging by blocking senescence proteins.
Nutrition and Metabolic Factors
Published in Michael H. Stone, Timothy J. Suchomel, W. Guy Hornsby, John P. Wagle, Aaron J. Cunanan, Strength and Conditioning in Sports, 2023
Michael H. Stone, Timothy J. Suchomel, W. Guy Hornsby, John P. Wagle, Aaron J. Cunanan
While rapid reductions in body mass may be accomplished with fluid restriction (short-term), some practitioners believe that these rapid reductions could enhance performance since LBM acquired at heavier body masses may be retained. However, practitioners should note that this method of rapid weight loss may be accompanied by several non-beneficial effects including (227): Reduced strength (probably least affected unless weight loss is very rapid) and power.Decreased low- and high-intensity endurance.Lowered plasma volumes.Reduced cardiac function.Impaired thermal regulation.Decreased renal function.Decreased glycogen concentrations.Loss of electrolytes.
Is there a strong association between substantial injuries and previous injuries in adolescent elite athletes? A 1-year prospective cohort study
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2023
Frida Jönsson, Philip von Rosen
A previous injury is suggested to be the strongest indicator of future injury (DiFiori et al., 2014). This may be explained by inadequate rehabilitation, persistent symptoms, and physiological deficiencies, such as decreased muscle strength, endurance, and proprioception (Emery, 2003). It may also be related to a specific injury risk behavior or trait associated with the previously injured athlete. Findings derived from football studies, have showed a significant risk of developing future injury if a previous injury was reported during the earlier season (Emery, Meeuwisse, and Hartmann, 2005; Turbeville et al., 2003). In an American study where 60% of the included football-playing adolescents reported injury, a doubled risk for a future injury occurred after a previous injury and 3-times the risk of injury if two or more previous injuries were reported (Kucera et al., 2005). A previous injury is classified as a recurrent injury, if the injury is of the same type and located in the same body region as a previous injury (DiFiori et al., 2014; Fuller et al., 2006). However, it is possible that other body regions are also affected even if the injury is not located in that specific region. For instance, an athlete with a foot injury may not be able to load their knee or hip to a similar extent as before the injury, making the athlete more susceptible to injuries in these regions as well. If an injury occurs in these regions, followed a foot injury, it would not be classified as a recurrent injury.
A comparison of CrossFit and concurrent training on myonectin, insulin resistance and physical performance in healthy young women
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2023
Masoomeh Bahremand, Elham Hakak Dokht, Mahtab Moazzami
Another important finding of our investigation was that VO2max increased significantly in response to both CrossFit and CT interventions. There is little agreement in previous studies regarding the impacts of CrossFit workout on aerobic fitness. For example, Brisebois et al. reported an increase in absolute and relative VO2max after 8-week HIFT in inactive adults (Brisebois et al. 2018). On the other hand, Sobrero et al. observed no change in VO2max in recreationally active women after HIFT of similar length (Sobrero et al. 2017). Differences in the conducting of a HIFT regimen could describe these findings. Although our participants were primarily active, recently in elite endurance athletes, strong evidence reported that resistance training can lead to improved long-term (more than 30 min) and short-term (less than 15 min) endurance capability (Aagaard and Andersen 2010). These findings indicated that resistance training might enhance endurance performance through an elevated type IIA muscle fibers’ proportion, increased maximal muscle strength, and raised rate of force development, whereas also likely involving improvements in neuromuscular function. Concerning the mechanisms responsible for CT-induced raises in VO2max, it is hypothesised that increases in VO2max among subjects are due to central nervous system adaptation and stimulation of the oxidative enzyme citrate synthase causing by this regimen (Sale et al. 1990).
Effects of acute endurance exercise on follistatin-like 1 and apelin in the circulation and metabolic organs in rats
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2022
Michihiro Kon, Yuko Tanimura, Hideo Yoshizato
A sedentary lifestyle and the overconsumption of foods have been associated with various metabolic disorders, such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, and insulin resistance. Habitual exercise training, especially endurance exercise training, has been well recognised as one of the most effective improvement strategies for the management of such metabolic disorders (Jakicic 2003, Hawley 2004) due to the many reported benefits for improving energy metabolism and insulin resistance (Garber et al. 2011). The American College of Sports Medicine encourages most adults to engage in moderate-intensity endurance exercise training for minimum of 30 min/d at least 5 d/wk (≥150 min/w), or vigorous-intensity endurance exercise training for at least 20 min/d at least 3 d/wk (≥75 min/w) (Garber et al. 2011). However, there is still room for consideration regarding the mechanisms of endurance exercise training-induced enhancements in energy metabolism and insulin sensitivity.