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Omega-3 PUFA and L-Arginine for Longer Life Span with a Longer Health Span
Published in Robert Fried, Richard M. Carlton, Flaxseed, 2023
Robert Fried, Richard M. Carlton
Think about this: according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, there are four major cardiovascular disease risk factors: high blood pressure, unhealthy blood cholesterol levels, diabetes mellitus and obesity. (3) There are others, of course, including smoking, abusing alcohol and/or drugs, heredity and so on, but these are said to be the major ones.
Cardiac Hypertrophy, Heart Failure and Cardiomyopathy
Published in Mary N. Sheppard, Practical Cardiovascular Pathology, 2022
Cardiac injury can occur with any cardiovascular disease. Loss of myocyte cells and increased myocardial strain cause eccentric hypertrophy of the remaining myocytes, both directly and through neurohormonal activation, leading to fibrosis, progressive left ventricular dilatation, a change in the shape of the left ventricle from elliptical to spherical and, often, functional mitral regurgitation. These changes of left ventricular remodelling result in increased myocardial oxygen consumption and reduced efficiency of myocardial contraction. Neurohormonal activation causes renal sodium retention, fluid overload and oedema. Concomitant renal dysfunction causes a reduced response to diuretics and worse outcomes. Although HF is a heterogeneous condition with many different causes, all aetiologies lead to a final common pathway with similar mechanisms that become independent from the initial cause. The role of coronary microvascular disease and endothelial dysfunction is now becoming more relevant with imaging techniques. Alterations of endothelial function and nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (NO-cGMP) pathway are involved with both reduced and preserved ejection fraction. Indeed, an altered endothelium-dependent vasodilatation, causing repeated episodes of ischaemia/reperfusion, can induce a chronic stunned myocardium with systolic dysfunction and an increased diastolic stiffness with diastolic dysfunction.
A woman found slumped in a chair
Published in Tim French, Terry Wardle, The Problem-Based Learning Workbook, 2022
A stroke can be the first manifestation of cardiovascular disease (e.g. atheroma, atrial fibrillation, or silent myocardial infarction with mural thrombus) in a patient. The following common symptoms and signs may indicate chronic underlying cardiovascular disease:
Using elastography-based multilayer perceptron model to evaluate renal fibrosis in chronic kidney disease
Published in Renal Failure, 2023
Ziman Chen, Tin Cheung Ying, Jiaxin Chen, Chaoqun Wu, Liujun Li, Hui Chen, Ting Xiao, Yongquan Huang, Xuehua Chen, Jun Jiang, Yingli Wang, Wuzhu Lu, Zhongzhen Su
Demographic information (including age, sex, and body mass index), liquid biopsy indicators (including blood urea nitrogen, serum albumin, serum uric acid, serum creatinine, urinary albumin creatinine ratio (UACR), and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)), and comorbidity (e.g., cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and hypertension) were obtained from each participant. The eGFR was calculated using the CKD epidemiology collaboration (CKD-EPI) formula [28]. The CKD-EPI formula is more accurate than the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) formula for determining eGFR, as recommended by the KDIGO guideline (2012), especially for values greater than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 [22]. Furthermore, the CKD-EPI equation is preferred in general practice and public health [29]. As for the Cockcroft-Gault equation, it overestimates renal function, and the estimation of GFR is less accurate [30]. Liquid biopsy indicators were collected according to laboratory standard operating procedures within a week prior to the renal biopsy. Diabetes and hypertension were identified based on physician diagnosis with International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes or documentation of patients taking insulin, oral hypoglycemic agents, and anti-hypertensive drugs. Cardiovascular disease was defined as the presence of heart failure, coronary heart disease, stroke, or peripheral vascular disease.
Combined association of dietary fibre and cognitive function with all-cause and cause-specific mortality in older adults
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2023
Huan Rui Zhang, Wen Tian, Guoxian Qi, Yu Jiao Sun
The sociodemographic information (age, sex, ethnicity, marital status, education, the ratio of income to poverty, smoking status) and medical-related information (Body mass index (BMI), hypertension, diabetes mellitus, high cholesterol, cardiovascular and cancer) were obtained through face-to-face interviews and laboratory tests. Ethnicity was categorized into non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, other Hispanic, and other race. Marital status was defined as married/with a partner, unmarried and other. Education was categorized into less than 11th grade and high-school grade and above. The ratio of income to poverty was categorized as below poverty (<1.30) and above poverty (≥1.30). Smoking status was defined as non-smoker and smoker. BMI was calculated as weight (Kg) divided by the square of height (m2). Hypertension was defined as self-reported hypertension, systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg or/and diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg, or reported use of anti-hypertensive medications. Diabetes mellitus was defined as self-reported diabetes, haemoglobin A1c ≥6.5%, fasting plasma glucose level ≥126mg/dl, or reported use of oral glucose-lowering medication or insulin. High cholesterol was defined as total cholesterol ≥240 mg/dl or reported use of the lipid-lowering drug. Cardiovascular disease was defined as a self-reported diagnosis of heart failure, coronary heart disease, angina, heart attack or stroke. Cancer was defined as a self-reported diagnosis of cancer.
Are PIEZO1 channels a potential therapeutic target for heart failure? Getting to the heart of the matter
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 2023
Heart failure is a final pathway of many cardiovascular diseases [1]. It is characterized by high intra-cardiac pressure, low cardiac output, structural and functional cardiac abnormalities or combinations of these. It is a common problem, with a calculated lifetime risk of about 20%, increasing with comorbidities such as hypertension. It is associated with poor prognosis and a mortality of 6% per year or more, depending on the type of heart failure. It is age-related, so it is a particularly major challenge for societies that have high survival rates into old age. There are medical and device therapies but their benefits can be modest or lacking, most notably in the increasing problem of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Symptoms that matter most to patients are often unaddressed [2]. New therapeutic options are therefore of potential interest. An important yet mysterious aspect is the heart’s intricate relationship with mechanical force, which changes in disease and has profound effects on the heart’s gene expression and function [3,4]. Could better understanding of this biology lead to transformative new treatments? The relationship is thought to be mediated partly or wholly by special ion channels that detect force and transduce it into cellular change [3,4]. The molecular identities of the channels have been difficult to determine [3,4] but a breakthrough occurred with PIEZO proteins, named after the Greek word for pressure.