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Nutrition and Metabolic Factors
Published in Michael H. Stone, Timothy J. Suchomel, W. Guy Hornsby, John P. Wagle, Aaron J. Cunanan, Strength and Conditioning in Sports, 2023
Michael H. Stone, Timothy J. Suchomel, W. Guy Hornsby, John P. Wagle, Aaron J. Cunanan
A common factor of exercise energy expenditure that is often overlooked is what occurs post-exercise, also known as recovery energy expenditure (see Chapter 2). Researchers have indicated that the intensity of steady-state aerobic exercise may have a greater effect on recovery energy expenditure than duration (13, 14, 30, 186). Furthermore, higher intensities resulted in a greater magnitude of recovery energy expenditure compared to lower intensities (38, 121), likely due to a greater disruption of homeostasis. The previous findings support the notion that anaerobic exercise such as weight training may require greater recovery energy expenditure and possibly a longer duration of recovery compared to aerobic exercise. Several studies that investigated recovery energy expenditure following weight training support this conclusion (34, 38, 63).
Psychological Effects of Exercise for Disease Resistance and Health Promotion
Published in Ronald R. Watson, Marianne Eisinger, Exercise and Disease, 2020
The American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) classifies exercise into three types: (1) cardiorespiratory of aerobic endurance, (2) muscular strength and endurance, and (3) flexibility. The majority of studies of exercise and depression have examined supervised programmatic exercise consistent with ACSM guidelines. Most have used aerobic exercise such as running, swimming, or bicycling. A few have investigated anaerobic exercise defined as weight training or vigorous sports. The author is unaware of studies using flexibility training as an intervention. Epidemiological definitions of exercise24 measured by global estimates of energy expenditure or the frequency, intensity, and duration of free-living activity, regardless of type, must also be considered if the effectiveness of exercise as an effective health-promoting behavior is to be established.
Exercise Effects in Cognition and Motor Learning
Published in Henning Budde, Mirko Wegner, The Exercise Effect on Mental Health, 2018
Exercise is often described in terms of its type and duration. Types of exercise include aerobic and anaerobic. Aerobic exercise is defined as sustained activity that stimulates heart and lung function, resulting in improved oxygen transport to the body’s cells, and includes activities such as running, walking, swimming, and cycling (Armstrong & Welsman 2007). On the other hand, anaerobic exercise is performed in the absence of oxygen, which includes both sprints and resistance and strength training. In research, typical exercise durations studied in humans include acute and chronic exercise. Acute exercise studies utilize a single session of aerobic exercise that occurs immediately preceding the measured outcome. Studies of chronic effects, on the other hand, examine how repeated, regular, long-term aerobic exercise activity relates to the dependent variables of interest (Coles & Tomporowski 2008; Hillman et al. 2009; Tomporowski, Davis, Lambourne, Gregoski, & Tkacz 2008; Hillman, Erickson, & Kramer 2008; van Praag 2009).
Short-Term Mediterranean Diet Improves Endurance Exercise Performance: A Randomized-Sequence Crossover Trial
Published in Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2019
Michelle E. Baker, Kristen N. DeCesare, Abby Johnson, Kathleen S. Kress, Cynthia L. Inman, Edward P. Weiss
Anaerobic exercise performance was measured with the Wingate anaerobic cycle test. The test was performed on a computer-controlled, electronically-braked cycle ergometer (Velotron with Wingate test software, version 1.0, RacerMate, Inc.). Participants warmed up for several minutes by pedaling on the cycle ergometer at a low power (30–80 watts). During a 10-second acceleration phase of the test, the participants increased pedal rate to a “fast” pace without resistance; then, to start the test, a resistance load equivalent to 75 g/kg body weight was applied to the ergometer, and the participants pedaled as hard and fast as possible for a full 30 seconds. Computer-generated outcomes from the test included absolute values for mean and peak power, mean and peak power relative to body weight, and total work performed (33).
Distinct Effects of Repeated-Sprint Training in Normobaric Hypoxia and β-Alanine Supplementation
Published in Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2019
Ran Wang, David H. Fukuda, Jay R. Hoffman, Michael B. La Monica, Tristan M. Starling, Jeffrey R. Stout, Jie Kang, Yang Hu
Muscle buffering capacity is a key mechanism related to high-intensity exercise performance. Skeletal muscle acidosis impedes several metabolic processes, such as disruption of phosphorylcreatine resynthesis,1 inhibition of glycolysis,2 and dysfunction of muscle contractile process.3 Muscle buffering capacity derives from several physiological buffers, such as proteins, inorganic phosphate, bicarbonate, and the histidine-containing dipeptide carnosine.4 Due to the importance of buffering capacity on anaerobic exercise performance, many training programs and dietary supplementation strategies have focused on elevating muscle buffering capacity and improving anaerobic performance.
Pre-incident Training to Build Resilience in First Responders: Recommendations on What to and What Not to Do
Published in Psychiatry, 2020
Jennifer Wild, Neil Greenberg, Michelle L. Moulds, Marie-Louise Sharp, Nicola Fear, Samuel Harvey, Simon Wessely, Richard A. Bryant
Turning to exercise, a substantial body of research supports the irrefutable benefits of exercise for the prevention of many diseases, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, hypertension, obesity, depression and osteoporosis (Warburton et al., 2006). Two studies have evaluated physical exercise interventions for first responders. Norris et al. (1990) assigned police officers to aerobic or anaerobic exercise three times a week for 8 weeks. Both groups demonstrated greater wellbeing and quality of life with large effect when compared to treatment-as-usual (Norris et al., 1990). Aerobic exercise was also associated with greater improvements in self-reported job stress. There were no significant differences between police officers who engaged in aerobic and anaerobic exercise, suggesting that type of exercise did not affect efficacy. In the second study (Norvell & Belles, 1993), circuit weight training three times a week for 4 months improved psychological functioning and physical symptoms in police officers (with large effect) compared to a waitlist control group, which failed to improve any outcome over time. It is unclear to what extent police officers retained their exercise routine and associated benefits over time and to what extent improvements in these domains protected against psychological ill health after critical incidents. Given that exercise is associated with improvements in psychological wellbeing, reductions in self-reported job stress (and in the general population, symptoms of low mood and depression), it seems reasonable to hypothesize that regular exercise could potentially improve coping after critical incidents, possibly through reducing self-reported stress and low mood and thereby improving problem-solving and use of resources.