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Athlete Monitoring
Published in Michael H. Stone, Timothy J. Suchomel, W. Guy Hornsby, John P. Wagle, Aaron J. Cunanan, Strength and Conditioning in Sports, 2023
Michael H. Stone, Timothy J. Suchomel, W. Guy Hornsby, John P. Wagle, Aaron J. Cunanan
While macro-level monitoring remains rather constant (e.g., “did the athlete(s) develop/improve from previous the macrocycle(s)?”) (12, 39), various aspects of the athlete should be used to think through the evaluation (e.g., training age, training history, talent level, etc.). Perhaps the most obvious factor for evaluating at the macro-level is how long has the athlete been training the relevant performance-related adaptations and how long (how developed are they?) within the sport? Scientists have noted that as athletes get closer to their genetic ceiling, the magnitude of potential adaptation is minimized (1). For very advanced athletes, smaller gains in performance can be incredibly important and very much a challenge (1). Indeed, advanced athletes have been shown to require a greater stimulus (i.e., they possess a higher intensity threshold necessary to facilitate adaptation) to achieve a positive adaptation(s) (supercompensation) (10). Thus, when evaluating a very advanced athlete, the goal of given block(s) of training may be more to revisit and re-establish a given adaptation(s) versus establishing a much higher homeostatic level.
Carbohydrate supplementation
Published in Jay R Hoffman, Dietary Supplementation in Sport and Exercise, 2019
Parker N Hyde, Richard A LaFountain, Carl M Maresh
Carbohydrate loading is also known as glycogen loading or glycogen supercompensation (64). It is a strategy often used by endurance athletes prior to competition to enhance or “fill” glycogen stores in the body. The degree of glycogen supercompensation in individuals can be quite varied, 25% to 100% (double normal resting levels). Performance increase is less likely at the lower end (~25% increase), while doubling glycogen stores is associated with potential performance benefits (64). Traditional carbohydrate loading involves intakes up to 10–12 g/kg/day two to three days before competition (8).
Post-Exercise Recovery Period
Published in Atko Viru, Adaptation in Sports Training, 2017
In regard to metabolism, the recovery period means not only transition from high to low energy demands, but also restoration of energy reserves, abolishment of the accumulated metabolic intermediants, as well as normalization of water and ionic composition in body compartments. In the course of repletion of energy reserves the phenomenon of supercompensation has been found. This gives a peculiar feature to the delayed stage of the recovery period.7 Recovery period means also a change in protein metabolism opposite to that happening during exercise. The altered balance between anabolic and catabolic processes has to warrant an effective renewal of exhausted cellular structures and enzyme molecules as well as the opportunity for the increase in active structures and in the number of enzyme molecules. In this meaning as well as in regard to the supercompensation of energy reserves we have to consider the reconstructive function of the recovery period.
Mindfulness for the Moment: Adapting Interventions for the Period of the Sport Season
Published in Journal of Sport Psychology in Action, 2023
Andrew N. Augustus, Samuel Zizzi, Thomas Minkler, Christopher Lindauer
During this period, training volume gradually decreases to allow for the fine-tuning of skills, full recovery, and supercompensation (Issurin, 2019). In sports utilizing a significant taper, athletes may experience physical sluggishness known as the taper blues. Taper tantrum is the experience of doubt, anxiety, and stress as championships approach. Although fostering confidence and resilience is imperative throughout the season, the importance of these factors is highlighted during this period. Practice time is often devoted toward sharpening technique or tactics and simulating strategies and situational play. The ability to channel attention toward the process, and not stress about outcomes, can enable SAs to practice with purpose as they solidify skills and strategy down the stretch.
5-Hydroxymethylfurfural and Alpha-Ketoglutaric Acid as an Ergogenic Aid During Intensified Soccer Training: A Placebo Controlled Randomized Study
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2020
Hannes Gatterer, Thomas Böcksteiner, Alexander Müller, Helmut Simi, Christoph Krasser, Radosav Djukic, Rainer Schroth, Dietmar Wallner
In regard to the soccer specific tests performed 10 days after the shock microcycle performance improvements in both groups have been found. After the intensified training, coaches performed a 1 week tapering period by reducing intensity of training and mostly focusing on technical and tactical skills. This procedure might have relieved fatigue in both groups and led to a supercompensation effect (Meeusen et al. 2013). Thus, these performance as well as HRV data indicate that fatigue was minor and transient and as such did not excessively overstrain player. It should also be outlined that the supplementation did not modify these training adaptation as could have been expected considering the fact that reactive oxygen species are signaling molecules for training adaptations (Merry and Ristow 2016) and α-KG and 5-HMF have antioxidative abilities (Li et al. 2009; Matzi et al. 2007). Nevertheless, it has to be determined in further studies whether supplementation with 5-HMF and α-KG might impact on long-lasting training adaptations or even has the potential to prevent more severe states of fatigue or even overtraining.
Autonomic modulations of heart rate variability are associated with sports injury incidence in sprint swimmers
Published in The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 2018
Dayanne S. Lima-Borges, Paula F. Martinez, Luiz Carlos M. Vanderlei, Fernando S. S. Barbosa, Silvio A. Oliveira-Junior
Accordingly, sprinters have shown increases in the sport-specific reserve from general preparation until the competitive period (Table 3), as well as decreases in sports injuries during the competitive period when compared to the specific TP (Table 5). With appropriate rest and recovery (and the absence of excessive stress), performance can be increased through supercompensation despite overreaching with the athlete suffering only a temporary performance impairment in response to increased training overload [52,53]. The HRV is also sensitive in detecting the autonomic changes derived of precompetitive anxiety in competitive sports [54,55]. On the other hand, as posited by different authors [5,6], swimming training is characterized by high levels of volume and intensity regardless of specialty. When training overload is excessive and combines for inadequate recovery, a state of overtraining or nonfunctional overreaching might be reached, resulting in stark physiological disorders that include reduced HRV and onset of sports injuries in swimmers [52].