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Echocardiographic Features of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Published in Srilakshmi M. Adhyapak, V. Rao Parachuri, Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy, 2020
This modality is the oldest in terms of its application, but is still relevant and of great utility in present-day echo assessment of HCM [9]. The superior temporal resolution makes it perfect for observing the timing of events during the cardiac cycle. Measurements are often made from a good parasternal long-axis view using appropriate sweep speeds (50–100 mm/s). It is frequently used in identifying the presence and severity of systolic anterior motion (SAM) of the mitral valve (MV), premature closure of the aortic valve (mid-systolic notching), and also for measuring IVS and LV posterior wall thickness. A major limitation of M-mode echocardiography is that non-perpendicular measurements lead to erroneous values and misinterpretations.
Echocardiography of the Aortic Valve
Published in Mano Thubrikar, The Aortic Valve, 2018
Two-dimensional echocardiography offers an advantage over M-mode echocardiography because it identifies cardiac anatomy. Unlike the series of wiggles and waves seen in M-mode, in 2-D echocardiography one sees tomograms or cross sections of the structure. The aortic valve is studied by placing a transducer on the anterior chest wall along the left sternal border. Recently, however, some studies have been performed with the transesophageal technique in which the transducer is placed in the esophagus.5 The transducers used for two-dimensional echocardiography could be either phased array sector scanners or mechanical scanners.6 In a long axis view (i.e., when the plane of scanning is parallel to the long axis of the aorta), one can see the left ventricle, the left atrium, and the aortic root (Figure 7). By turning the transducer 90°, one can obtain a short axis view where the plane of scanning is perpendicular to the long axis of the aorta. The aortic root, the left atrium, the right atrium, and the right ventricle can be seen in this view (Figure 8).
Mechanisms of Fibril Formation and Cellular Response
Published in Martha Skinner, John L. Berk, Lawreen H. Connors, David C. Seldin, XIth International Symposium on Amyloidosis, 2007
Martha Skinner, John L. Berk, Lawreen H. Connors, David C. Seldin
All patients were investigated with two-demensional and M-mode echocardiography. Views of the heart were obtained from the parasternal, apical, and subcostal positions. The following measurements were performed in all patients: aortic diameter (Ao), mean left atrial diameter (LAD), left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVD), interventricular septal thickness (IVS), posterior wall thickness (PWT), and fractional shortening (FS) was calculated. Highly refractile myocardinal echoes (HRE) were defined as distinct and bright echoes that could be visualized from different projections or angulations and persisting at a gain setting low enough to eliminate echoes from the surrounding endo- and myocardium.
Abdominal aortic calcification score can predict all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in maintenance hemodialysis patients
Published in Renal Failure, 2023
Jiuxu Bai, Aihong Zhang, Yanping Zhang, Kaiming Ren, Zhuo Ren, Chen Zhao, Qian Wang, Ning Cao
All enrolled patients were scanned with two-dimensional-guided M-mode echocardiography, which was performed by a cardiologist who was blinded to the patient’s clinical and laboratory data. The HD patients underwent echocardiography after the first dialysis session of the week. The M-mode measurements included the left atrial dimension (LAD), left ventricular end-diastolic internal dimension (LVDd), left ventricular posterior wall thickness (LVPWT), and interventricular septal wall thickness (IVST). Left ventricular mass (LVM) was calculated by means of the Devereux formula, and the ratio of the LVM to the body surface area (BSA) was used to determine the left ventricular mass index (LVMI) [11]. Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) was defined as LVMI > 115 g/m2 (men) and > 95 g/m2 (women) [12]. The LV ejection fraction was obtained using a modified biplane Simpson’s method from apical and four-chamber views. From the mitral valve inflow velocity curve using pulsed wave Doppler, the ratio of the E wave and A wave (E/A ratio) was calculated [13].
Paeonol attenuates heart failure induced by transverse aortic constriction via ERK1/2 signalling
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Xu Chen, Zhiyu Zhang, Xiaowei Zhang, Zhi Jia, Jun Liu, Xinpei Chen, Aiqing Xu, Xue Liang, Guangping Li
M-mode echocardiography was used to detect the cardiac function in the different groups after TAC surgery and PAE administration. As shown in Figure 1(A,B), the results showed that compared with sham group, FS and EF values were significantly reduced, hence which suggesting that HF in TAC mice. After 4 weeks treatment with PAE, FS and EF values were markedly recovered. The results verified that PAE could significantly improve cardiac function. Then we measured the heart weight, body weight and tibia length of mice in different groups. Results (Figure 1(C,D)) showed that compared with the sham group, the ratio of HW/BW and HW/TL in TAC group was increased obviously. While after the treatment, the ratio was reduced markedly in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, H&E staining was performed to assess the morphological changes of myocardial injury in different groups. As shown in Figure 1(E), it demonstrated that cardiomyocytes were normal and present in an orderly arrangement in sham group whereas, after TAC surgery, there was cardiac hypertrophy, disorder, as well as loss of normal structure. After treatment with PAE, compared with the TAC group, the cardiomyocytes were arranged more neatly and orderly, and there was no obvious damage. Analysis of myocardial injury confirmed that PAE suppressed TAC-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Taken together, it revealed that PAE could attenuate TAC-induced cardiac hypertrophy and myocardial injury.
Echocardiography in a critical care unit: a contemporary review
Published in Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy, 2022
Muhammad Mohsin, Muhammad Umar Farooq, Waheed Akhtar, Waqar Mustafa, Tanzeel Ur Rehman, Jahanzeb Malik, Taimoor Zahid
Hypovolemic shock is the presence of inadequate organ perfusion caused by intravascular volume loss in acute settings [2,53]. This causes a drop in preload and cardiac output and reduces micro- and macrocirculation, leading to negative tissue metabolism and an inflammatory reaction [2,54]. Assessment of intravascular volume, although pertinent in all types of circulatory shock, is particularly used as a starting point in hypovolemic shock [55]. In contemporary practice, a clinician can assess volume status on 2D and M-mode echocardiography. LV collapse at the end of systole implies severe hypovolemia and a fixed bowing of atrial septum toward the right chambers means adequate fluid resuscitation was given [56]. However, these signs are not specific to intravascular fluid status.