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My, How Those Seedlings Have Grown: An Update on Mind/Body Interactions in the Exercise Domain
Published in James M. Rippe, Lifestyle Medicine, 2019
Steven J. Petruzzello, Allyson G. Box, Dakota G. Morales
Another important ERP waveform is a negative deflection referred to as the error-related negativity (ERN). Generated from the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC),8,9 the ERN is thought to reflect activity of a neural network involved in error processing.10 That is, the ERN reflects the conflict between the required response (dictated by the stimulus) and the actual response. The ERN has been used as an index of both action monitoring (i.e., monitoring and correction of response errors for successful performance) and cognitive flexibility (i.e., keeping multiple goals and representations in mind to successfully switch perspectives based on environmental demands11). To the extent that physical activity and/or fitness positively influences such indices of cognitive function, a smaller ERN amplitude would be expected. A study by Pontifex et al.12 examining the influence of aerobic fitness on cognitive control, using both RT and ERN measures, demonstrated that higher-fit children had greater response accuracy on a task requiring greater levels of cognitive control. Furthermore, the higher-fit children had smaller ERN amplitudes. Pontifex et al. concluded that these findings demonstrated the influence of fitness on cognitive control, with greater aerobic fitness associated with greater flexibility of control.
Passive Brain–Computer Interfaces
Published in Chang S. Nam, Anton Nijholt, Fabien Lotte, Brain–Computer Interfaces Handbook, 2018
Laurens R. Krol, Lena M. Andreessen, Thorsten O. Zander
One mental state that has received particular attention in the context of general HCI is the perception of errors. Partially due to the artificial and limited nature of traditional interaction techniques (Suchman 1987; Tufte 1990), mistakes are made during ongoing HCI, resulting in frustration, loss of productivity, or, in safety-critical environments, potentially worse (Reason 1990). Upon perceiving the feedback indicating the error, or even already upon executing the erroneous action itself, the human user recognizes that a mistake has been made. Such conscious error perception elicits a much-researched neuroelectric response known as the error-related negativity (ERN; Gehring et al. 2012). If a system could detect such a negativity in its human user, and link it to a specific action or feedback signal, it could automatically undo the apparently perceived to be erroneous action or even learn to prevent it in the future.
Cognitive and neural correlates of errorless learning
Published in Catherine Haslam, Roy P.C. Kessels, Errorless Learning in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2018
Several researchers have reasoned that if the EL learning advantage arises from reducing the competition between correct and incorrect responses, then there should also be a cognitive control system that monitors the outcome of this process (Burgess, 1996; Schnider & Ptak, 1999). Specifically, it requires a system that performs “quality checks” to determine whether the selected memory trace is the one most likely to be correct. Importantly, for this system to function successfully, it has to include a mechanism that takes charge of monitoring for conflict and error. Research on error and conflict processing has identified an electrophysiological event-related potential (ERP) that reflects the engagement of such a monitoring system. This ERP component is a negative electrophysiological deflection that can be observed within 100 ms after an error is detected (see Figure 3.1), and is commonly referred to as Error negativity (Ne), or Error-related negativity (ERN) (Falkenstein, Hohnsbein, Hoormann, & Blanke, 1990; Gehring, Goss, Coles, Meyer, & Donchin, 1993). Several theories have been developed to explain its occurrence. Some predict that the ERN represents conflict between competing representations, while others claim that it is an index for error detection in which the likelihood of errors occurring are estimated when making predictions about expected outcomes (see Alexander & Brown, 2011).
Tasting rewards. Effects of orosensory sweet signals on human error processing
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2022
Thomas J. Hosang, Sylvain Laborde, Michael Sprengel, Andreas Löw, Niels Baum, Sven Hoffmann, Thomas Jacobsen
But how can a link between OSS and error processing be established in humans? Since error processing cannot be directly captured at the behavioral level, the analysis of its neurophysiological correlates has evolved as the common methodological approach [11]. The most well-studied error processing correlate is the so-called error-related negativity (Ne/ERN) [12,13], a component of the response-locked, event-related potential (ERP) of the human electroencephalogram. The Ne/ERN is typically evoked during cognitive tasks when participants respond incorrectly. It is assessed by averaging the electrophysiological activity time-locked to erroneous behavioral responses (e.g. incorrect button presses). The Ne/ERN is characterized by a fronto-centrally distributed negative deflection that peaks within 100 ms after committing an incorrect response. To date, most evidence suggests that the Ne/ERN is generated in the posterior medial frontal cortex with a focus in the anterior midcingulate cortex (aMCC) [11]. It is currently assumed that the Ne/ERN reflects signaling for adaptational requirements after suboptimal performance outcomes [11]. Through averaging electrophysiological activity time-locked to correct behavioral responses, a similar, however, smaller negativity can be observed, referred to as the correct-related negativity (Nc/CRN) [11]. It has been suggested that the Nc/CRN may also signal the need for adjustments [11].
Deep TMS H7 Coil: Features, Applications & Future
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2021
Tal Harmelech, Yiftach Roth, Aron Tendler
Feelings of doubt, worry, and repetitive behavior, key symptoms of OCD, have been linked to hyperactive error signals in the brain. The error-related negativity (ERN) [10] is an event-related potential in the theta frequency band (4–8 Hz) that peaks 50–150 ms following errors on many speeded reaction-time (RT) tasks (e.g. the Stroop and flanker). The ERN is recorded with electroencephalography (EEG) over mPFC and consistently attributed to the ACC [11,12]. The ERN is thought to reflect monitoring processes of ongoing task performance necessary for mistake prevention, emotional response to error, and cognitive conflict [10,13–15]. An overactivation of a monitoring system in the ACC in response to self-induced mistakes during tasks like the Stroop, Flanker, or Stop-Signal has been repeatedly demonstrated for OCD patients [13,15–24]. Enhanced ERN amplitudes and post-error slowing (PES) have also been reported for both OCD patients and their unaffected first-degree relatives [10,20,25–34]. Similarly, perceived error-related theta activity (PERTA), that is also recorded over mPFC and attributed to ACC, was found to be enhanced in OCD patients and their unaffected siblings [34–37]. This suggests that the constantly over-activated detection system in OCD evolves in vulnerable individuals with neuronal predisposition.
Understanding the Link between Anxiety and a Neural Marker of Anxiety (The Error-Related Negativity) in 5 to 7 Year-Old Children
Published in Developmental Neuropsychology, 2019
Lyndsey Juliane Chong, Alexandria Meyer
One early pathway towards anxiety that has been identified is characterized by an increased neural response to making mistakes (Meyer, Glenn, Kujawa, Klein, & Hajcak, 2016b). The error-related negativity (ERN), is a negative deflection in the event-related potential (ERP) waveform, at frontocentral electrode sites, occurring approximately 50 ms after error commission and is thought to reflect activation of a generic error detection system across a variety of stimuli and response modalities (Falkenstein, Hohnsbein, Hoormann, & Blanke, 1991; Gehring, Goss, Coles, Meyer, & Donchin, 1993; Hajcak, Moser, Yeung, & Simons, 2005a). The ERN is postulated to have a principal source in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), an area of the brain responsible for integrating pain, threat, and punishment to change behavior (Shackman et al., 2011).