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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) affects adults, adolescents, and children all over the world. It is a common, chronic, long-lasting disorder in which an individual has uncontrollable, recurring thoughts, urges, or mental images (obsessions) that cause anxiety (e.g., needing to have things symmetrical and in perfect order).1 This is coupled with behaviors (compulsions) such as ordering or arranging things in a particular fashion. Sufferers feel compelled to repeat those behaviors over and over in an effort to relieve their anxiety.1 Symptoms often first appear in teens or young adults. OCD symptoms can interfere with all aspects of life, such as work, school, and personal relationships.1
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Published in Judy Z. Koenigsberg, Anxiety Disorders, 2020
What are the neurological, biological, and genetic influences related to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)? Viewing OCD from a neurological perspective posits that the cause may be biochemical or that there is an anatomical change in the central nervous system, and in this case, hereditary and autoimmune variables may play a part (Mancini, 2019). Although a genetic association for OCD has not been established, it has been found that members of the same family have OCD (Ray, 2018). It has been suggested that genetic inheritance may contribute to the serotonin and brain circuit irregularities, e.g., abnormalities of the caudate nuclei and orbitofrontal cortex, that are found in individuals with OCD (Comer, 2015; Marsh et al., 2014; Nicolini, Arnold, Nestadt, Lanzagorta, & Kennedy, 2009). Neuroimaging results for OCD have demonstrated malfunctioning in the orbitofrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex (Chamberlain et al., 2005). Mahoney and Wilke (2012) explain that individuals with OCD have a larger cortex, as demonstrated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Individuals with OCD suffer from neurobiological dysregulation (Hyman & Pedrick, 2005).
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Published in Quentin Spender, Judith Barnsley, Alison Davies, Jenny Murphy, Primary Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 2018
Quentin Spender, Judith Barnsley, Alison Davies, Jenny Murphy
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) can affect children, adolescents and adults. It usually begins in childhood, can have serious developmental consequences, and can also cause significant distress. Obsessions and compulsions, rituals and habits are also part of normal childhood development. Many preschool children develop obsessive interests or have their own rituals — this is nothing to be alarmed about. A toddler or young child’s interests in tractors, trains or cars can appear almost obsessional at times. However, as the child grows older, these interests usually pass or decrease and are replaced by other, more age-appropriate ones.
The relationships of parent- and child-related psychiatric conditions with oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder symptoms in children with ADHD
Published in Children's Health Care, 2021
Ayhan Bilgiç, Necati Uzun, Ümit Işık, Sadettin Burak Açıkel, Fatma Çoşkun, Ömer Faruk Akça
Besides ODD and CD, the prevalence of comorbid internalizing disorders such as depression and anxiety disorders is also high in children with ADHD (Bauermeister et al., 2007; Mick, Biederman, Santangelo, & Wypij, 2003). A handful of studies have proposed that the presence of depression, anxiety disorders, or obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a risk factor for the development of behavioral problems (Bubier & Drabick, 2009; Cerda, Tracy, Sanchez, & Galea, 2011; Coskun, Zoroglu, & Ozturk, 2012). Alternatively, other studies have shown that children with DBD are at increased risk for subsequent depression, anxiety disorders, and OCD in the future (Bloch et al., 2009; Frick, Lilienfeld, Ellis, Loney, & Silverthorn, 1999; Stringaris, Lewis, & Maughan, 2014). Research suggests that these apparently disparate disorders may share common underlying etiopathogenesis such as problems in emotion regulation, information processing or parenting practices (Fraire & Ollendick, 2013). Alternatively, a vicious circle among externalizing and internalizing disorders can exist in ADHD subjects (Bilgic et al., 2013). Therefore, when investigating the association between parental psychiatric variables and child DBD symptoms, taking into account the coexisting internalizing symptoms of children could be crucial.
Multifaceted impulsivity in obsessive-compulsive disorder with hoarding symptoms
Published in Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 2021
Selim Tumkaya, Bengu Yucens, Mehmet Mart, Didem Tezcan, Himani Kashyap
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a chronic and disabling mental disorder. While hoarding was considered as a symptom of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder in the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) [1], it was re-classified in DSM-5 as a distinct diagnostic entity, included in the category of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders which also include ‘skin picking disorder’ and ‘trichotillomania’ [2]. However, hoarding symptoms and OCD often coexist in the same patient. When hoarding is a direct consequence of typical obsessions or compulsions, such as avoidance of harm or feelings of incompleteness, hoarding is considered to be OCD-related, and if the symptoms meet the criteria of hoarding disorder but are unrelated to OCD psychopathology, both OCD and hoarding disorder may be diagnosed [2]. It is generally accepted that OCD-related hoarding is more common than hoarding disorder, is more egodystonic, and hoarding symptoms do not tend to increase with age. Hoarding symptoms are common in OCD (ranging from 18 to 40%) [3–6] and are associated with greater severity of OCD symptoms, poor insight, greater comorbidity of anxiety disorders as well as higher rates of mood, eating and personality disorders, poor response to traditional OCD treatment and poor compliance with behavioral treatments [7–11]. The above-mentioned studies suggest that OCD with hoarding may be a subgroup with different clinical features, highlighting the need to clarify the psychopathological mechanisms of this subgroup, which is difficult to treat.
Improving long term patient outcomes from deep brain stimulation for treatment-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2020
Andrew Guzick, Patrick J. Hunt, Kelly R. Bijanki, Sophie C. Schneider, Sameer A. Sheth, Wayne K. Goodman, Eric A. Storch
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has emerged as an effective therapy for patients with severe treatment refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) [1,2]. Deep brain stimulation was initially proposed as an alternative to capsulotomies in 1999, which had been the only surgical option for patients with treatment-resistant OCD for several decades [3]. Compared with neuroablation, DBS has the benefit of being reversible, more targeted to a specific anatomical location, and adjustable after the initial surgery. Nuttin and colleagues [4] initially tested DBS in four patients with OCD in the anterior limbs of the internal capsule (ALIC), the same anatomical target as prior capsulotomies for OCD. Since their promising initial report, several groups have tested DBS for OCD with different anatomical targets and over multiple years of follow-up. This growing body of research has allowed investigators to begin asking questions about treatment optimization through understanding predictors and moderators of treatment outcome, as well as examining different treatment enhancement strategies. The goal of this review is to summarize the efficacy, safety, and long-term clinical outcomes of DBS for patients with OCD, and to review strategies that may hold promise in improving DBS outcomes.