China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Akinetic Mutism
Published in Alexander R. Toftness, Incredible Consequences of Brain Injury, 2023
For example, when part of your brain decides that you want to speak, your brain needs to coordinate and send signals to other parts of your brain that control your jaw muscles and to the parts that understand language. Damage to any part of that circuit can result in difficulties with starting and continuing voluntary actions, such as speaking full sentences or standing up and walking (Vickers et al., 2018). More specifically, an area called the anterior cingulate cortex has two-way connections with decision-making regions of the frontal lobes and emotional regions of the limbic system and is thought to use that information for planning behaviors such as moving or talking, so damaging it may produce symptoms of reduced behavior (Arnts et al., 2020). Other regions that combine incoming signals from different places in the brain are the striatum and the thalamus, both of which are often involved in akinetic mutism (Arnts et al., 2020).
Neuroanatomy and Brain Perfusion in Functional Somatic Syndromes
Published in Peter Manu, The Psychopathology of Functional Somatic Syndromes, 2020
Compared with data obtained in the healthy control group, the severity of pain and the expanse of the painful abdominal surface produced by a 55-mm Hg rectal distention were significantly higher in the irritable bowel syndrome group. Rectal distention produced significant activation of the four brain regions of interest in both groups. In patients with irritable bowel syndrome, but not in the control subjects, the 55-mm Hg (i.e., painful) rectal distention produced greater regional cerebral activation in the anterior cingulate cortex and thalamus than a 30-mm Hg distention. The phenomenon remained constant throughout the series of four distensions at 55 mm Hg, suggesting lack of sensitization or anticipatory response to pain. In the irritable bowel group, the subjective rating of pain severity did not correlate with the degree of cerebral activation. In contrast, the activation of the anterior cingulate cortex correlated significantly with the pain perceptions of the healthy control subjects.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
Published in Judy Z. Koenigsberg, Anxiety Disorders, 2020
How does neuroscience contribute to the causes of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)? According to Comer (2015), certain brain circuits, or a network of associated brain formations, are linked to particular emotional reactions. Whereas several research studies implicate the amygdala, the prefrontal cortex, and anterior cingulate cortex in the development of generalized anxiety disorder (e.g., Lang, McTeague, & Bradley, 2014; McClure al., 2007; Schienle, Hettema, Cáceda, & Nemeroff, 2011), it is suggested that a different circuit is involved in the development of panic disorder (Comer, 2015). Chapter 6 discusses the brain circuits and neurotransmitters involved in panic disorder. Neuroscience investigations propose that patients with GAD seem predisposed to neural overactivity and emotional overarousal, and it is hard for these individuals to regulate their emotions (Newman, Llera, Erickson, Przeworski, & Castonguay, 2013; Stevens, Jendrusina, Sarapas, & Behar, 2014; Timulak & McElvaney, 2018).
Long term effects of red wine consumption in brain: an MRI, fMRI and neuropsychological evaluation study
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2023
Lucas Zoppi Campane, Mariana Penteado Nucci, Marcelo Nishiyama, Marina Von Zuben, Edson Amaro Jr, Protasio Lemos da Luz
On the other hand, the frontal pole and the paracingulate gyrus/anterior cingulate are regions related to cognitive operations other than letter recognition. According to Ramnani and Owen [27], the frontal pole (Broadmann area 10) is involved in integrating the results of two or more cognitive operations when their coordination is necessary to a more complex behavioral goal. The paracingulate/anterior cingulate cortex comprises mainly Broadmann areas 24 and 32 and it is involved in the adjustment of attention and the coordination of mental processes with the aim of adapting to the load and the type of cognitive demand [28]. Therefore, our results indicate that the increase in activation of the frontal pole and the paracingulate cortex/anterior cingulate in the active condition of the 2-back paradigm was being differently influenced by age between the groups, so that, only among abstainers, younger age increases the demand for activity in areas related to the integration/coordination of cognition to resolve a working memory paradigm adequately.
Amygdala structure and function in paediatric bipolar disorder and high-risk youth: A systematic review of magnetic resonance imaging findings
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2022
Alessio Simonetti, Kirti Saxena, Alexia E. Koukopoulos, Delfina Janiri, Marijn Lijffijt, Alan C. Swann, Georgios D. Kotzalidis, Gabriele Sani
Studies using connectivity techniques reported conflicting results. Greater amygdala-ventrolateral PFC functional connectivity was reported for implicit emotion regulation of happiness and fear in HR youth compared to HC (Manelis et al. 2015; Chang et al. 2017), although reduced connectivity between the amygdala and ventrolateral PFC/occipital cortex was also documented for implicit emotion regulation of fear (Ladouceur et al. 2013; Chang et al. 2017). Similarly, connectivity between the amygdala and anterior cingulate cortex was reported as either decreased or increased using implicit control of emotions (Manelis et al. 2015) or a resting state approach (Singh, Ketter, et al. 2014; Singh et al. 2018). Conflicting results also involved conversion risk. In fact, risk of conversion into pBP was associated either with greater amygdala-occipital cortex or poorer amygdala-orbitofrontal cortex connectivity for implicit control of emotions (Hanford et al. 2019) (Figure 2).
The cortical and subcortical substrates of quality of life through substrates of self-awareness and executive functions, in chronic moderate-to-severe TBI
Published in Brain Injury, 2022
Eva Pettemeridou, Fofi Constantinidou
Similar brain areas and connections have been reported to relate to impaired SA (15,20). In a review article, the authors posit the implication of two circuits in a number of processes depicting SA: 1) the DLPFc “(responsible for self-regulation, self-monitoring, and other EF), which includes links to the basal ganglia, thalamus and prefrontal cortex,” and 2) the OFc “(responsible for empathic and socially appropriate responses) that includes links to the basal ganglia, thalamus, and orbitofrontal cortex” (see review 24). Evidence has shown the implication of the anterior cingulate cortex in procedural learning and behavior modification through transferring reinforcing stimuli to diffuse areas of cortical and subcortical regions. In addition, O’Connell et al. (25,26) have reported the implication of the anterior cingulate cortex in error diagnosis and detection, and conflict processes. Such processes are enabled when one is called to respond correctly at the presence of competitive stimuli. The aforementioned processes signal self-monitoring and regulation abilities, which directly relate to emergent awareness. Taylor et al. (20) support this evidence and highlight the involvement of a number of neural regions in error awareness, including the dorsal and rostral anterior cingulate cortex, the posterior and anterior MPFC, and the prefrontal cortex. These areas allow for the development of adaptive behaviors, that in turn further strengthen global awareness (19).