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Akinetic Mutism
Published in Alexander R. Toftness, Incredible Consequences of Brain Injury, 2023
For example, when part of your brain decides that you want to speak, your brain needs to coordinate and send signals to other parts of your brain that control your jaw muscles and to the parts that understand language. Damage to any part of that circuit can result in difficulties with starting and continuing voluntary actions, such as speaking full sentences or standing up and walking (Vickers et al., 2018). More specifically, an area called the anterior cingulate cortex has two-way connections with decision-making regions of the frontal lobes and emotional regions of the limbic system and is thought to use that information for planning behaviors such as moving or talking, so damaging it may produce symptoms of reduced behavior (Arnts et al., 2020). Other regions that combine incoming signals from different places in the brain are the striatum and the thalamus, both of which are often involved in akinetic mutism (Arnts et al., 2020).
Neuroanatomy and Brain Perfusion in Functional Somatic Syndromes
Published in Peter Manu, The Psychopathology of Functional Somatic Syndromes, 2020
The analysis of the functional magnetic resonance data concentrated on three regions of interest: the anterior cingulate cortex, the prefrontal cortex, the thalamus, and the insular cortex. An experienced neuroradiologist who was kept unaware of the participants’ group distribution identified these areas on the high-resolution anatomical images. The intensity of the activated voxels was averaged for these areas for each rectal pressure level.
The Effects of Trauma on Brain and Body
Published in Mark B. Constantian, Childhood Abuse, Body Shame, and Addictive Plastic Surgery, 2018
The hypothalamus forms the core of the mind/body connection, and can engage the autonomic nervous system, immune and endocrine function, as well as learning and memory through hippocampal connections. The cingulate cortex also modulates incoming data and is responsible for cognitive flexibility, adaptation, and interpreting emotions, and mediates stress—evoked cardiovascular activity.18,19 The cingulate gyrus can inhibit the amygdalar response for minor threats. Otherwise, the autonomic nervous system activates, and epinephrine is released by the adrenal cortex, which increases blood glucose, shunts blood from abdominal viscera to skeletal muscle, and increases pulse, blood pressure, and cardiac output. Pupils dilate and muscles become ready to respond.
Recent innovations in non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) for the treatment of unipolar and bipolar depression: a narrative review
Published in International Review of Psychiatry, 2022
Eleonora Piccoli, Matteo Cerioli, Michele Castiglioni, Luca Larini, Carolina Scarpa, Bernardo Dell’Osso
In January 2013, FDA approved deep high-frequency rTMS delivered on the left DLPFC for the treatment of MDD episodes in patients who failed to respond to antidepressant medications. This novel magnetic stimulation method enables a focussed, non-invasive stimulation of deeper brain regions while reducing the activation of other cortical areas. The FDA approval was strongly supported by a multicentre sham-controlled study including 212 patients (Levkovitz et al., 2015) that showed a significant reduction in depression scores (HDRS-21) and remission rates in the active group. Nearly 10 years later, the use of deep TMS over the medial PFC and anterior cingulate cortex was also validated by the FDA as an adjunct for the treatment of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) (Cohen et al., 2022).
Systems consolidation and fear memory generalisation as a potential target for trauma-related disorders
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2022
Lizeth K. Pedraza, Rodrigo O. Sierra, Lucas de Oliveira Alvares
The ‘standard consolidation model’ assumes that neural ensembles distributed across many areas of the neocortex and associated to memory representations are initially linked only weakly; however, they become more strongly connected as they are repeatedly co-activated by the corresponding index in the hippocampus. Once this reinforcement process has been completed, the hippocampus is no longer required for the retrieval of that memory because partial inputs can activate all corresponding neocortical representations through newly formed cortico-cortical connections (Squire and Alvarez 1995). The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) seems to be specially involved in remote memory retrieval, in particular the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), infralimbic (IL) and prelimbic (PL) cortex (Lopez et al. 2012; Aceti et al. 2015; Barry et al. 2016; Silva et al. 2019). Even with this preferred recruitment during remote retrieval, cortical structures are critical for acquisition and cellular consolidation, since prefrontal disruption after acquisition compromises memory persistence (Lesburguères et al. 2011; Sierra et al. 2017). Therefore, neocortical/hippocampal interactions are formed during learning, generating a synaptic route submitted to maturation in order to ensure late memory expression (Kitamura et al. 2017).
Brain microstructural changes and cognitive function in non-demented essential tremor patients: a diffusion tensor imaging study
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2021
Y. Sengul, H. O. Temur, Z. Corakcı, H. S. Sengul, H. Dowd, I. Ustun, A. Alkan, E. D. Louis
The cerebellum is increasingly thought to be important in the pathogenesis of ET. This region is engaged in cognitive and affective functioning and has connections with limbic and paralimbic structures which are essential for the integration of cognition and emotion [56]. Previous neuroimaging studies have shown that cingulate cortex, precuneus, hippocampus and are all affected in the brains of ET patients and researchers have concluded that impairment of these areas might have cognitive and emotional consequences which could explain non-motor symptoms, such as cognitive impairment and depression in the disease [19,20, 57]. In our study, we built on this previous research by uncovering the connection between cerebellar, limbic and paralimbic structures and impairment of many cognitive domains, including attention, verbal memory, visual memory, and language.