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Anatomy and Physiology of the Autonomic Nervous System
Published in Kenneth J. Broadley, Autonomic Pharmacology, 2017
The hypothalamus clearly has a central role in autonomic control and the body’s response to stress. Stimulation of the anterior and medial regions generally gives rise to parasympathetic responses, whereas stimulation of sites in the posterior and lateral hypothalamus is associated with a wide range of sympathetic responses. In addition to the activation of the sympathetic nervous system and release of adrenaline from the adrenal medullae during stress, the hypothalamus is responsible for promoting secretions of the anterior and posterior pituitary gland. The anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) secretes adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) in response to ACTH-releasing factor released by the hypothalamus. ACTH is carried in the circulation to the adrenal cortex to release steroids which assist the body’s response to stress by mobilizing blood sugar and promoting tissue repair. The hypothalamus receives impulses from higher centres such as the cerebral cortex, limbic lobe and hippocampus to enable expression of emotions such as anxiety, fear, rage or pleasure through the autonomic nervous system.
Discussions (D)
Published in Terence R. Anthoney, Neuroanatomy and the Neurologic Exam, 2017
What, then, are the typical differences in how authors define their “limbic lobe,” “limbic system,” and “rhinencephalon”? The “limbic lobe” is usually defined as including primarily the cingulate and parahippocampal gyri, with or without the adjacent hippocampal formation (see the discussion of Semantic Conflict 3 under D: Cerebral cortical lobes—definition for details). The “limbic system,” on the other hand, is defined usually as including not only these structures, but others besides—such as the amygdala, the mamillary body, the habenula, and/or the anterior nucleus of the thalamus (see the discussion of Semantic Conflict 2a for details). Finally, the “rhinencephalon” is defined usually as including primarily the olfactory bulb (and perhaps the olfactory nerve), the olfactory tract and striae, the anterior olfactory nucleus, and some of the structures usually described as olfactory cortex, such as the piriform lobe, the anterior perforated substance, and the parolfactory gyri (see the discussion of Semantic Conflict 2c for details).6
100 MCQs from Dr. Michael Reilly and Colleagues
Published in David Browne, Selena Morgan Pillay, Guy Molyneaux, Brenda Wright, Bangaru Raju, Ijaz Hussein, Mohamed Ali Ahmed, Michael Reilly, MCQs for the New MRCPsych Paper A, 2017
Dr Mohamed Ali Ahmed, Dr Udumaga Ejike, Dr Ijaz Hussein, Dr Atif All Magbool, Dr Gary McDonald
The caudate nucleus is part of the corpus striatum, which is one of the components of the basal ganglia. The limbic lobe is composed of cortical areas including the cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, subcallosal gyrus, and amygdaloidal and septal nuclei. (19, pp 111–12)
Legal Admissibility of the Rorschach and R-PAS: A Review of Research, Practice, and Case Law
Published in Journal of Personality Assessment, 2022
Donald J. Viglione, Corine de Ruiter, Christopher M. King, Gregory J. Meyer, Aaron J. Kivisto, Benjamin A. Rubin, John Hunsley
For the evaluee, resolving the problem of what the inkblot might be invokes a series of perceptual and problem-solving operations. These include scanning the stimuli, selecting locations for potential response objects, comparing potential inkblot images to objects in memory, evaluating possible responses relative to their inconsistencies or contradictions, reformulating response options, filtering out those judged less optimal, and articulating a final solution to the evaluator (Exner, 2003). The evaluee’s visual-mnemonic matching of objects in the card to recalled images, conceptual processing of the stimuli, and verbal and nonverbal communication engage all brain regions, encompassing bilateral activity in the frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital, and limbic lobes (e.g., Asari et al., 2010; Giromini et al., 2017). The dorsal and ventral attentional systems involved (Giromini et al., 2017) are distinct from those involved while completing a self-report inventory (the default mode network, e.g., Davey et al., 2016), which likely contributes to the low correspondence of these methods when assessing conceptually aligned psychological constructs (Mihura et al., 2013).2
Olfactory bulbectomy and raphe nucleus relationship: a new vision for well-known depression model
Published in Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 2020
Halil Ozcan, Nazan Aydın, Mehmet Dumlu Aydın, Elif Oral, Cemal Gündoğdu, Sare Şipal, Zekai Halıcı
The OBX model is especially accepted as a hyposerotonergic model of depression. The serotonin hypothesis of depression has asserted that a reduction in serotonin leads to depression [29]. Altered serotonin concentrations have been found in the brains of OBX rats [5,16,30,31]. Dysfunction of the central serotonergic system including the habenula, limbic lobes, basal ganglia, and brain stem nuclei has been related to many psychiatric disorders, especially depression and anxiety disorders [3,32]. Reduced echogenicity of the raphe nucleus was detected in depressed patients [33]. In a study involving depressed and non-depressed Parkinson’s patients, reduced echogenicity of the raphe nucleus was found in depressed patients [34]. Also, reduced raphe nucleus volumes were detected in depressed patients [35,36]. Treatment with antidepressant agents was found to reverse the depressive behaviors in OBX animals [37]. Fluoxetine was found to lead to normalized activity levels among OBX-induced depression in rats [38]. In spite of the fact that the mechanism still remains unclear, drug-induced antidepressant effects such as induced hippocampal neurogenesis by the neurotrophic factor S100β, secreted by raphe and acting via the locus coeruleus, and increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor, Wnt2, and 15-deoxy-delta 12,14-prostaglandin J2 in the cerebrospinal fluid of depressed patients, were reported [39,40].
Stereotactic radiofrequency thermocoagulation application in the anterior limbs of patients’ internal capsules in treating intractable tic disorders
Published in International Journal of Hyperthermia, 2020
Yu-Hui Li, Kai Zhao, Mei-Qing Wang, Jing Wang, Bu-Lang Gao
Stereotactic radiofrequency thermocoagulation became popular in the field of intracranial application in the second half of the twentieth century, possibly because it produces sharply defined lesions, performs both recording and stimulation simultaneously, and allows for the monitoring of impedance [22]. Radiofrequency thermocoagulation takes advantage of the heat produced by the high radiofrequencies, allowing it to destroy local tissue. As such, it has long been used for treating drug-resistant epileptic patients who are ineligible for conventional surgical excisions of their ictal onset zones [20]. In our study, we used this particular technique to destroy the anterior limb of patients’ internal capsule for the treatment of intractable tic disorders. The anterior limb of a person’s internal capsule has often been used as a target for deep brain stimulations [3,23,24]. Sun et al. reported an improvement in capsulotomies for refractory Tourette syndrome, with the destruction of the posterior one third of the patient’s anterior limb of the internal capsule achieving a better outcome in the controlling of their tics [18]. Destruction of the entire anterior limb of a person’s internal capsule achieves even better results because more white matter fibers are destroyed, which are those that project to the frontal cortex, connecting the basal ganglia, limbic lobes, and frontal cortex. On radiofrequency thermocoagulation, the whole structure of the anterior limb of the internal capsule should be destroyed. Based on the size of the anterior limb measured on the MRI imaging, personalized thermocoagulation should be performed because the size of the anterior limbs varied from person to person.