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Published in Lisa Zammit, Georgeanne Schopp, Relational Care, 2022
Lisa Zammit, Georgeanne Schopp
The hippocampus is part of the limbic system, critical in learning and memory. It consolidates information and associates memories with emotions. The anterior cingulate controls normal emotions. Strong emotions are controlled by the amygdala, the center for emotional response to specific stimuli.
Physiology of the Pain System
Published in Sahar Swidan, Matthew Bennett, Advanced Therapeutics in Pain Medicine, 2020
The limbic system is a set of brain structures on either side of the thalamus that directs emotion, behavior, motivation, long-term memory, and olfaction. The mesolimbic pathway is part of the reward circuit. Dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of the midbrain project to the forebrain nucleus accumbens (NAc). Burst firing of dopaminergic neurons into the NAc serves as a reward signal and is inhibited by tonic GABA input.15 Opioids inhibit GABAergic tone on these neurons, while pain relief directly engages dopamine circuitry.15 The mesolimbic pathway has been implicated in depression, anxiety, pain sensation, anticipation of analgesia or placebo-induced analgesia, and chronic pain.16 Different types of pain can impact different aspects of the VTA and result in either activation or inhibition. In this way, dopamine release is variable based on various pain signals.16 These dopaminergic pathways are variably altered with stress as well as opioids. Dynorphin and the kappa opioid receptor can play a role in impairing dopamine release in the Na.16
The Limbic System
Published in Jay A. Goldstein, Chronic Fatigue Syndromes, 2020
The major structures of the limbic system are the hippocampus and the amygdala. Both are located in the medial part of the anterior temporal lobe, a region which is quite sensitive to anoxic damage and viral infection, notably by HSV-1. It is well accepted that the hippocampus is involved in the making of new memories, a process called “encoding.” Although the hippocampus has several input (afferent) systems, it has only one major output (efferent) system: the fornix. This structure, also part of the limbic system, terminates in the mammillary bodies, part of the hypothalamus. Thus the hip-pocampus can have a significant neuroendocrine-autonomic function as well as its better known roles in memory and emotion. It is divided into four areas (CA1-4) on the basis of histological and functional criteria. The CAl section is the most sensitive to hypoxic insult.
Identification of emotions and physiological response in individuals with moderate intellectual disability
Published in International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 2021
Agustín Ernesto Martínez-González, Alejandro Veas
Neuroscience has studied the neural correlates of the different emotions in human beings, showing some associations between brain structures and emotions. Concretely, the amygdala is a structure in the limbic system involved in the emotional response of fear (Sabatinelli et al.2005, 2011, Wicker et al.2003), whereas the insula is a brain structure associated with disgust (Wicker et al.2003, Ying et al.2018), and the bilateral nucleus accumbens and medial prefrontal cortex are related with positive emotions, such as happiness and sexual-related images (Sabatinelli et al.2007, 2011). Likewise, researchers have detected an abnormal activity in the prefrontal, amygdala, and orbitofrontal cortex before threatening stimuli in individuals with intellectual disability (ID) (Meyer-Lindenberg et al.2005, Wilder et al.2018).
Genetic susceptibility to inflammatory bowel disease: should we be looking to the hypothalamus?
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2021
Arianna Dal Buono, Daniela Caldirola, Mariangela Allocca
The hypothalamus is a neural structure belonging to the limbic system, which connects the nervous and the endocrine systems through the regulation of the pituitary gland. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is activated in response to stress and causes the secretion of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus, which induces the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) by the pituitary gland. Downstream, ACTH triggers the production of cortisol from the adrenal cortex, which stimulates the synthesis and release of anti-inflammatory cytokines in the periphery. Beyond the endocrine response to stress, the integration of stress signals in the hypothalamus results in a direct sympathetic activation of the neural terms in the gut and it is demonstrated that this activation modulates gut motility, secretion and permeability [13,14].
Drug treatment strategies for depression in Parkinson disease
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2019
Melody Ryan, Courtney V. Eatmon, John T. Slevin
The classical pathophysiology of PD primarily concerns the area of the brain known as the basal ganglia. The basal ganglia (BG) is composed of the striatum, globus pallidus, ventral pallidum, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. It has extensive connections with the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and brainstem. The motor function of the BG is well documented and the amygdala and striato-pallidal circuits are likely involved in the cognitive and emotional/motivational functions of this area [36,37]. More of the emotional components of the brain such as the limbic system are likely involved in the depression and cognitive dysfunction that may accompany PD. The limbic system consists of many structures, including some areas of the cortex such as the hippocampus, some subcortical areas such as the amygdala and the nucleus accumbens, the hypothalamus with its connections to the reticular formation and the thalamus, and the anterior nuclei of the thalamus. The limbic system is involved in learning, memory, emotion, and motivation. The amygdala receives projections from the thalamus and, indirectly, from the cortex [38]. In depression associated with PD, there are changes in brain structure and function and in neurotransmitters and cytokines within the brain.