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Muramyl Peptides and Immunoreactive substances
Published in Shojiro Inoué, Biology of Sleep Substances, 2020
In our routine 10-h nocturnal i.c.v.-infusion assay, MDP at a dose of 2 nmol induced a significant increase in SWS (see Figure 6) and fever (see Figure 7) in rats.32,34 However, MDP at smaller doses of 0.02 and 0.2 nmol was ineffective.32 MDP (2 nmol i.c.v. for 10 h) was characterized by a slow SWS-promoting effect. The maximum effect was observed in the middle of the 10-h infusion period, when a marked elevation of brain temperature was observed. MDP at this dose also elicited a slight suppressive effect on PS. Febrile reaction in brain temperature was considerably long-lasting in synchronization with the enhanced occurrence of EEG delta waves (see Figure 7). Kadlecova and Masek35 reported that i.v. injection of MDP at a dose of 25 μg/kg, which provoked little elevation in rectal temperature, caused a significant increase in both SWS and PS in rats during a 5-h nocturnal postinjection period.
Arrhythmias in Pregnancy
Published in Afshan B. Hameed, Diana S. Wolfe, Cardio-Obstetrics, 2020
Dana Senderoff Berger, Lee Brian Padove
Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome is characterized by the presence of an extra electrical pathway that provides a source for reentry (“short circuit”). The overall incidence of Wolff-Parkinson-White is not well delineated in the general population, or in pregnancy. In one study, it made up 2.5% of arrhythmias in pregnancy in patients with maternal cardiac disease [21]. The classic resting ECG has a delta wave.
Changing the Paradigm from Neurochemical to Neuroelectrical Models
Published in Hanno W. Kirk, Restoring the Brain, 2020
The first traditional 4-Hz band is the delta frequency from 0.5 to 4Hz. Delta waves are predominant during sleep, which is a restorative rest state for the brain. However, if excessively present during waking states, delta can interfere with cognitive and emotional processing. The theta frequency band extends from 4 to 8Hz. It is dominant when we enter into the pre-sleep hypnogogic, dream-like state. We can also enter into this trance-like state while daydreaming or undergoing hypnotherapy. It is the default resting frequency for the prefrontal cortex. Problems arise when there is too high theta (and delta) amplitude pre-frontally. This condition can give rise to distractibility, an inability to focus or pay attention, and poor inhibitory control – all characteristics most often associated with attention deficit disorder (ADHD).
EEG signals during mouth breathing in a working memory task
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2020
Kyung-Jin Lee, Chan-A Park, Yeong-Bae Lee, Hang-Keun Kim, Chang-Ki Kang
In order to investigate the variations in brain activity associated with the difficulty of the stimulation, we compared the brain waves in the 0-back and the 2-back tasks performed during the use of each breathing method. In the 2-back task, the power of the delta wave increased during all breathing methods (N, M: B2 > B0, Figure 6). The delta wave is related to cognitive processing and is known to increase their power during cognitive processing [16]. In the task experiment based on difficulty, power of the delta wave increased at more difficult task [17]. Age-related studies report that the delta wave is used as indicators of cognitive aging and that the young with better short-term memory performance have a higher power of their delta wave than the old [18]. This suggests that stimulation through the 2-back task, inducing a high power of the delta waves, requires more effort than the 0-back task during cognitive processing. The high cognitive demands of the 2-back task can also be explained by the findings on alpha wave, which is characterized by a decrease in demand for higher cognitive abilities [16]. As a result, the alpha wave power in the 2-back task was lower than that in the 0-back task in all breathing methods (N, M: B0 > B2, Figure 6).
Methanol induced stroke: report of cases occurring simultaneously in two biological brothers
Published in Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives, 2020
Lukman Femi Owolabi, Okezie Oguamanam Enwere, AbdulRazeq Ahmed Reda, Raafat El Sayed Sayd, Hanem Elrazek, Bappa Adamu, Mushabab AlGhamdi
His arterial blood gases showed severe metabolic acidosis. Findings of the other laboratory investigations included normal chest X-ray, high methanol blood level leukocytosis, hyperglycemia, normal PT, normal PTTK, normal INR, elevated serum lactate, elevated creatinine and urea level with high anion gap and high osmolal gap. His blood and urine culture yielded no organism. ECG showed tachycardia and the initial brain CT was normal (30 minutes after admission). Intravenous fluid, proton pump inhibitor and bicarbonate were administered and the patient had two sessions of hemodialysis. Follow-up CT on day 4 showed low-density confluent lesions in superficial white matter, frontal, occipital lobes and putamen consistent with acute toxic edema and infarction (Figure 1). His EEG showed generalized polymorphic delta waves suggestive of encephalopathy. After the foregoing treatment, the patient regained consciousness six days into admission. However, he was blind in both eyes and quadriplegic. He died about 2 months after his presentation in our facility.
Management of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in a patient with peripartum cardiomyopathy
Published in Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives, 2021
Snigdha Bendaram, Sherif Elkattawy, Muhammad Atif Masood Noori, Hardik Fichadiya, Sarah Ayad, Parminder Kaur, Raja Pullatt, Fayez Shamoon
Wolf-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome is a congenital heart disease in which an accessory pathway directly connects the atria and ventricle, bypassing the atrioventricular (AV) node along with symptoms of syncope or palpitations. The characteristic WPW pattern EKG includes a short PR interval (0.12 seconds) and a delta wave with a wide (0.12 seconds) QRS complex. The delta wave results from rapid ventricular activation via the accessory pathway (preexcitation). In the general population, the prevalence of WPW pattern EKG is around 0.13 to 0.25%. In comparison prevalence of WPW syndrome is as low as 2% of patients with WPW patterns on surface EKG.