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Sensing and Assessment of Brain Injury
Published in Mark A. Mentzer, Mild Traumatic Brain Injury, 2020
Neurons transmit information interneuronally via chemical signals, where the Na/K-ATPase establishes and maintains [Na] and [K] gradients across the cell membrane, and interneuronally via electric signals. The flow of inorganic ions across the cell membrane is responsible for the generation of electrical signals inside and outside the neuron. Frequency and time domain analysis of these signals, temporal response dynamics, and the clocking mechanisms involved in brain function relates structure to function in a complex manner (Buzsaki, 2006). Additional research in the analysis of brain waves may provide useful methodologies for diagnosis and treatment of mTBI.
Bioelectric and Biomagnetic Signal Analysis
Published in Arvind Kumar Bansal, Javed Iqbal Khan, S. Kaisar Alam, Introduction to Computational Health Informatics, 2019
Arvind Kumar Bansal, Javed Iqbal Khan, S. Kaisar Alam
A human body emits many types of signals based upon electrical and magnetic activities caused by the circulation of an electric charge in the body. As discussed in Section 2.4.3, the contraction and relaxation of the heart allowing it to pump blood to the body is based upon electrical activity in the heart. This electrical activity is due to the periodic charge imbalance between the interior and exterior of the heart-cells, as explained in Section 7.1. The brain generates many types of waves called brain-waves in different cognition-states, emotional states and disease-states. Muscle movement generates signals. By knowing the combinations of these electrical activities in different parts of the body, different activities and abnormalities in these parts can be derived probabilistically. The advantages of bioelectrical signal analysis are that we can identify or predict many abnormalities without performing invasive surgeries. Using signal analysis, we can study the growth of the diseases noninvasively, study the remission of the diseases noninvasively and monitor the signals to detect the state of the organ and the body post-surgery.
Sleep Promoting Improvement of Declarative Memory
Published in Bahman Zohuri, Patrick J. McDaniel, Electrical Brain Stimulation for the Treatment of Neurological Disorders, 2019
Bahman Zohuri, Patrick J. McDaniel
To measure the voltage of the electrical impulses being given off by the brain’s neurons, technicians can use an EEG Machine (See Chapter 6 of this book). The type of brain wave, defined by amplitude and frequency, helps determine the type of sleep that the sleeper is experiencing. The state of falling asleep is called the hypnagogic state.
The effects of oral administration of curcumin–galactomannan complex on brain waves are consistent with brain penetration: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled pilot study
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2022
Aman Khanna, Syam Das S, R. Kannan, Andrew G. Swick, Cristina Matthewman, Balu Maliakel, Sibi P. Ittiyavirah, I. M. Krishnakumar
The electrical activity of the brain was discovered during the mid-eighteenth century. Dr Hans Berger, a German Physiologist, recorded the first human electroencephalogram (EEG) in 1924 [13]. An EEG is a real-time graphical representation of the brain waves as a summation of spontaneously generated electrical potentials in a small area of the brain. Brain waves are typically classified into four types: θ, α, β and γ waves, based on their frequency range [14]. Continuous EEG recordings are divided as bands of θ (4–7 Hz), α (8–15 Hz), β (15–30 Hz) and γ (> 30 Hz). The α-waves have been shown to be originated within the cortex, occipital lobe and thalamic regions of the brain and are correlated with working memory, cognition, relaxation and the sensation of pain or other discomforts [15,16]. The β-waves have shown to present throughout the motor cortex and are found to occur during a heightened state of awareness or alertness [17]. So, β-waves are connected with mental concentration, mood and complex functionalities like arithmetic calculation ability [18]. The θ-waves or θ-rhythm are prominent in the hippocampus and are shown to originate once a repetitive task becomes autonomous; hardly requires any focus to complete [19]. γ-waves are originated in the thalamus and are involved with the establishment of neuronal circuitry [17].
GABA and l -theanine mixture decreases sleep latency and improves NREM sleep
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2019
Suhyeon Kim, Kyungae Jo, Ki-Bae Hong, Sung Hee Han, Hyung Joo Suh
As characterized by EEG recordings, sleep is broadly divided into REM and NREM (Bersagliere et al. 2018). Combined oral administration of GABA and l-theanine significantly increased the amount of NREM sleep, as compared to controls (Figure 3, p < 0.05), via an increase in theta waves. Moreover, awake time was also significantly decreased following GABA/l-theanine administration, as compared to all other groups (p < 0.001, Figure 3). Brain waves can be classified into four types: α (less than 8–13 Hz), β (more than 13 Hz), θ (less than 4–8 Hz), and δ waves (less than 4 Hz) (Abdou et al. 2006). Each wave type is associated with a specific mental state. Delta and theta occur in the early stages of deep sleep and sleep, respectively (Ray and Cole 1985).
Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Hypnotherapy and Skin Disorders
Published in American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 2018
Meditation and hypnosis both use natural trance states to access aspects of psyche and physiology not ordinarily accessible in the ordinary conscious waking state (Otani, 2016). It is accompanied by higher gamma (30 Hertz [Hz] or cycles per second and above) brain waves (Gross & Gotman, 1999). For alert awake mindfulness meditation it is also accompanied by lower alpha (8–12 Hz) brainwaves similar to alert/awake hypnosis and relaxed environmental scanning. This contrasts with higher brain wave frequencies corresponding to hypervigilance, fright, and anxiety at high beta (18–30 Hz) and ordinary focused alertness at beta (12–18 Hz). For inward focused concentrative meditation the brainwaves are in the theta (4–8 Hz) range similar to inward focused hypnosis and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Deep sleep is in the delta (0.5–4 Hz) range (Bertini et al., 2007; Cahn & Polich, 2013; JoGraffin, Ray, & Lundy, 1995). The brain cycles through diurnal (daily) sleep–wake cycles and within these are ultradian (roughly every 90 to 120 minutes) cycles (Rossi, 1982). The ultradian sleep cycles are between theta REM and delta deep sleep, while the ultradian awake cycles are between beta focused attention and alpha relaxed environmental scanning. Prolonged trance, including meditation and hypnosis, can cycle between low alpha and theta. Understanding these aspects of trance can help in their utilization.