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The Neuropsychological Consequences of Alcohol and Drug Abuse
Published in John Brick, Handbook of the Medical Consequences of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, 2012
Rosemarie Scolaro Moser, Corinne E. Frantz, John Brick
In a review by Strickland et al. (1998), the authors noted how cerebral metabolic and hypoperfusion irregularities are seen in the neuroimaging of the cocaine abuser. In particular, techniques such as CAT and MRI may show significant cerebral events, although newer techniques such as PET, SPECT, and quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) are able to reveal a greater frequency of changes in brain functioning that may have initially gone unnoticed.
Efficacy of Neurofeedback for Pain Management
Published in Mark V. Boswell, B. Eliot Cole, Weiner's Pain Management, 2005
Siegfried Othmer, Susan Othmer
First, the improvements across the board tend to support the dysregulation model. Second, it is observed that the most significant quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) deviations, and the most numerous, consisted of coherence anomalies. This indicates deficits in cortical–cortical communication relationships. Finally, it is observed that the successful training did not directly target the observed deviations. In particular, when suppression of the excess 13-Hz amplitude was first tried, it was found to be relatively ineffectual. Yet a different challenge at a slightly different frequency was found to resolve nearly all of the anomalies. Perhaps surprisingly, single-site training was even effective in normalizing the two-site coherence anomalies. This again supports the dysregulation model. An appropriate challenge, empirically derived, effects broad and nonspecific functional renormalization that will be generally reflected in a tendency toward normalization of EEG parameters.
The Role of Biology in the Courtroom
Published in Gail S. Anderson, Biological Influences on Criminal Behavior, 2019
There is an abundance of cases in which brain scans have been used to indicate abnormalities that have been presented as evidence to mitigate culpability. For example, in Florida in 2010, Grady Nelson was convicted of first-degree murder after stabbing his wife over 60 times and then raping her intellectually disabled prepubescent daughter. However, he escaped the death penalty because a judge admitted quantitative EEG mapping evidence for the first time.49 The expert neuroscientist stated that Grady had received at least three TBIs, resulting in a major abnormality in his left frontal lobe. This, the expert stated, would impact Grady’s ability to control his behavior, and he would not understand the significance of his actions. Despite evidence from the prosecution’s expert neurologist, who stated that much of the evidence presented was flawed, that many of the quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) spikes were simple muscle contractions, and that he had treated many people with head injuries and had never seen such a consequence, at least some of the jury were swayed, enough to prevent the sentence of death. In the United States, unlike in many other countries, jurors are able to talk about their decisions after the case, and several stated that they would have sentenced him to death had it not been for the neuroimaging evidence.49 Similarly, in New Mexico, John McClusky, an escaped convict, killed an elderly couple in their RV and then set fire to their truck and bodies. McClusky was convicted but escaped the death penalty because his lawyers presented PET and MRI evidence of structural abnormalities in his brain, including damage to the cerebellum and abnormally small frontal lobes. The expert witness stated that this would impact McClusky’s reasoning, ability to control his behavior, and ability to prevent impulsive actions. The prosecution disputed this evidence, stating that despite the abnormalities, the defendant had been able to run a very successful drug ring in prison, keep meticulous records, and plan his escape for months.50 However, the jury accepted the argument that his brain abnormalities impacted his culpability.7 He was sentenced to life plus 235 years and died in prison in 2017.
New directions in psychiatric drug development: promising therapeutics in the pipeline
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2023
Linda S. Brady, Sarah H. Lisanby, Joshua A. Gordon
Consortia are playing an important role in developing standardized instrumentation, data collection methods, and data processing and analysis pipelines for translational biomarkers (imaging, neurophysiological, and other measures) to enable the collection of high-quality data that is reliable and scalable for broader use in drug discovery and development [62]. The industry-led Event Related Potential (ERP) Biomarker Qualification Consortium is an example of a pre-competitive effort among industry, academia, and regulators to ensure that robust and reliable ERP and quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) biomarkers can be effectively collected in target clinical populations, such as patients with schizophrenia, thus ensuring scalability and consistency across studies [63]. The first study from the ERP Consortium established test–retest reliability for ERP qEEG measures, a validated, automated data analysis pipeline, and normative ERP/qEEG datasets in schizophrenia subjects and matched healthy volunteers [64].
Vortioxetine in major depressive disorder: from mechanisms of action to clinical studies. An updated review
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 2022
Javier De Diego-Adeliño, José Manuel Crespo, Fernando Mora, Adrián Neyra, Pedro Iborra, Luis Gutiérrez-Rojas, Selman F. Salonia
A thorough review suggested that the blockade of 5-HT3 receptor is one of the crucial vortioxetine’s properties for the cognitive improvements observed in preclinical studies [36]. This would increase glutamatergic and serotoninergic transmission as well as pyramidal neurons firing in the forebrain, which seems crucial in facilitating cognitive processing. The agonism of 5-HT1A receptors, the partial agonism of 5-HT1B receptors and the antagonism of 5-HT7 receptors by vortioxetine can also contribute to these effects. Moreover, downstream modulation of several neurotransmitters such as dopamine, NE, acetylcholine or histamine in the medial prefrontal cortex, as well as the enhancement in neurogenesis and neurotrophic processes in the hippocampus, can be additional mechanisms contributing to the vortioxetine’s procognitive profile. Vortioxetine has also shown to cause spectral changes in quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) which are distinct from those of an SSRI and an SNRI. Specifically, vortioxetine, unlike escitalopram and duloxetine, has been shown to cause differential increases in the low and high cortical frequency ranges which can have a role in cognitive processing enhancements [37].
Medical Art Therapy Research Moves Forward: A Review of Clay Manipulation With Parkinson’s Disease
Published in Art Therapy, 2018
Deborah L. Elkis-Abuhoff, Morgan Gaydos
By embracing the neurological direction that this research has taken, we are in the process of incorporating brain scans to measure the effects that clay manipulation has on the brain with PD. Collaborative efforts in neuroscience, such as a pre- and postbrain scan on an individual with PD who is engaged in clay manipulation art therapy, can help monitor brain wave activity, the presence of dopamine, and whether the observed changes in symptomology could be directly correlated with increased brain stimulation. Brain scans, specifically through use of quantitative electroencephalography and electroencephalograms, which are tests that detect electrical activity in the brain using electrodes attached to the scalp, have been explored in the realm of art therapy as an indication of increased brain wave activity (Belkofer & Nolan, 2016; Belkofer, Van Hecke, & Konopka, 2014; Kruk, Aravich, Deaver, & deBeus, 2014). This neurological application has not been applied specifically to the PD diagnosis. With the observations and quantitative data that our research team has gathered during this clay manipulation investigation, the use of neurological scans appears to be the next natural step to a greater understanding of the impact art therapy has on PD.