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Neurofeedback in Combination with Psychotherapy
Published in Hanno W. Kirk, Restoring the Brain, 2020
Neurofeedback is an active training program in which the individual can restore the regulation of the brain network spontaneously.14 Just as the ballerina benefits from practice in the mirror to correct imperfect movements, so does the brain from witnessing its own dysregulation via the captured EEG signals on a computer screen that functions like a mirror, enabling the brain to observe its own activity and self-regulate.
Therapeutic Applications of BCI Technologies
Published in Chang S. Nam, Anton Nijholt, Fabien Lotte, Brain–Computer Interfaces Handbook, 2018
Neurofeedback (also referred to as neurotherapy or biofeedback) has been used for many years to treat a large assortment of conditions including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; Lubar & Shouse 1976), depression (Hammond 2005), substance use disorders (Trudeau 2005), insomnia (Hammer et al. 2011), autism (Friedrich et al. 2015), and stroke (Bearden et al. 2003; Reichert et al. 2016). Neurofeedback involves providing feedback in the form of some visual or auditory stimulus based on some predetermined EEG feature (Micouland-Franchi et al. 2015). As noted above, the patient’s task is only to regulate the specific brain signal and no additional behavior is required. Thus, there is no specific context in which neurofeedback occurs, other than a therapist’s office. As a result, neurofeedback protocols implicitly assume that the effects of training persist as a permanent change in brain state that is sustained beyond the therapeutic context.
Efficacy of Neurofeedback for Pain Management
Published in Mark V. Boswell, B. Eliot Cole, Weiner's Pain Management, 2005
Siegfried Othmer, Susan Othmer
A particular kind of neurofeedback can be used as an induction technique into regressed, low-arousal states that facilitate the recall and benign processing of traumatic material. Once such processing has occurred, the individual may be in a position to acquire mastery over his or her pain that would not have been possible otherwise. Whereas the primary driver for this aspect of neurofeedback is the experiential, psychological realm, there is also an EEG training aspect involved. The experience of deep states supports and fortifies the individual’s gradual movement out of hyperexcitable states. The training helps to abolish excessive fear responses and, on the positive side, promotes a more secure and stable sense of self. Of most immediate interest is that this training allows the patient to shed victim status with respect to pain, which is quite possibly a signal factor in the successful treatment of chronic pain.
Non-pharmacological treatments for pediatric refractory epilepsies
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2022
Eleonora Rotondo, Antonella Riva, Alessandro Graziosi, Noemi Pellegrino, Caterina Di Battista, Vincenzo Di Stefano, Pasquale Striano
Neurofeedback, also known as EEG biofeedback, is a type of biofeedback therapy that aims to train individuals to regulate their brainwave patterns by providing them with real-time EEG data. Sterman and colleagues [96] conducted the first official research in this area focusing on the sensory-motor rhythm (SMR), an EEG rhythm recorded over the sensory-motor cortex with a frequency in the range of 12–20 Hz. Using the neurofeedback technique, patients learned how to change intentionally this component of the EEG to reduce the amount and frequency of seizure activity. Although acting over the SMR remains the most common neurofeedback training for epilepsy, a different method is based on the Slow Cortical Potentials (SCPs) which has recently gained popularity. The SCPs reflect cortical excitability and some studies have demonstrated that training patients to control the amplitude of cortical potential changes can lead to a decrease in the rate of seizures [73,91,95]. Overall, neurofeedback is considered a secure treatment; however, mild side effects such as fatigue, headache, and tiredness have also been described.
Motor imagery and gait control in Parkinson’s disease: techniques and new perspectives in neurorehabilitation
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2022
Giovanna Cuomo, Valerio Maglianella, Sheida Ghanbari Ghooshchy, Pierluigi Zoccolotti, Marialuisa Martelli, Stefano Paolucci, Giovanni Morone, Marco Iosa
The insula appears to be a crucial structure for interoception and integration of signals from the body with emotional and motivational states [77,78]. Thus, this area is considered a fundamental hub in the limbic system, receiving several viscerosensory inputs and projecting to many areas and, especially, to the dorsomedial frontal areas in order to produce intentional actions [79,80]. Since the insula seems to play a major role in the generation of motivated movement and, at the same time, its activity and connectivity is altered in PD patients [81], Tinaz and colleagues [75] used an innovative neurofeedback protocol to enhance the connectivity between the insula and dorsomedial frontal areas. The researchers used neurofeedback-guided motor imagery (10–12 sessions) in 8 PD patients undergoing fMRI and showed that, after MI training and neurofeedback learning, PD patients reported enhanced functional connectivity between the insula and dorsomedial frontal cortex and an improvement in motor function. In conclusion, neurofeedback seemed to mainly increase the emotional factor of MI, by motivating the patient, and also the learning factor, by providing a positive reinforcement to the patient.
Ethical and Legal Considerations of Alternative Neurotherapies
Published in AJOB Neuroscience, 2021
Ashwini Nagappan, Louiza Kalokairinou, Anna Wexler
EEG neurofeedback is a practice in which individuals purportedly learn how to regulate their brainwaves by viewing real-time recordings of their own brain data. A typical neurofeedback session of 20-30 minutes may consist of an individual sitting in a chair, wearing an electrode cap, and playing a video game that s/he controls in real-time with brainwave data, under the guidance of a provider (Hamlin 2018; Hammond 2011; Kamiya 2011; Thibault et al. 2015). The total cost of treatment of up to 40 sessions (Thibault et al. 2015) has been estimated to range from $3,000-10,000 (Ellison 2010; Thibault et al. 2015). EEG neurofeedback is typically marketed for the treatment of both clinical indications—such as anxiety, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and depression (Hammond 2011; Thibault and Raz 2016)—as well as non-clinical indications such as cognitive and performance enhancement (Wexler et al. 2020). According to one major neurofeedback organization, there are likely over 15,000 providers offering neurofeedback globally (ISNR 2017).