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Stress and the Dental Situation
Published in Eli Ilana, Oral Psychophysiology, 2020
Operant behaviors include those which have an effect on one’s environment (walking, crying, etc.) and are modified or maintained by the consequences that follow them. Operant or instrumental conditioning is a learning situation whereby certain events or consequences are made conditional on specified behaviors.36 Positive and negative reinforcement, biofeedback, extinction, and punishment are methods of operant conditioning (see also Chapter 10).
Integrative Attachment Informed Cognitive Behavioral Play Therapy (IAI-CBPT) for Children With Medical Trauma
Published in Lawrence C. Rubin, Handbook of Medical Play Therapy and Child Life, 2017
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) developed from the integration of play therapy and cognitive behavioral therapies. Aaron Beck developed Cognitive Therapy (1963, 1964, 1972, 1976) based on the concept that cognition impacts emotion and by changing cognitions, emotions can be changed. Beck proposed that irrational thoughts were related to negative affect, and that helping patients develop more rational thought could lead to decreased pathology. Within Cognitive Therapy, it is not the situation one finds himself in but rather his cognitive assessment of the situation. Therapy can involve identifying and changing cognitions and actively replacing them with positive self-statements. Behavioral therapies are based on operant or classical conditioning and social learning theories. Operant conditioning explains how reinforcement and punishment can change the frequency of a behavior. Classical conditioning is based on associations between two stimuli, which results in a neutral stimulus developing the reaction of the stimuli with which it is linked. Modeling of behaviors and learning by the observer is described by Social Learning Theory. Susan Knell (1993, 2000a, 2000b, 2009) and Knell and Dasari (2009, 2010) developed Cognitive Behavioral Play Therapy (CBPT) to extend CBT to young children in a developmentally appropriate manner. CBPT is brief, instructional, and goal directed. As with other cognitive behavioral strategies, CBPT playfully and through the use of expressive/creative media allows the child to consider how thoughts impact feelings and behaviors.
Models and theories of addiction
Published in G. Hussein Rassool, Alcohol and Drug Misuse, 2017
Wikler (1948, 1961) first suggested the significant role played by classical conditioning in the development of the motivation to use drugs. The role of classical conditioning that is established in smoking addiction is illustrated by West (2013). For example, the sensation of smoke in the throat and the sight and tactile sensations associated with smoking acquire reinforcing properties by virtue of being associated with the rewarding actions of nicotine. This establishes the whole behaviour chain involved in smoking more powerfully than would be the case were it to rely on only the nicotine reward.(p. 38) In operant conditioning learning occurs when the response or behaviour is followed by reinforcement. Reinforcements strengthen behaviour and may be positive (rewarding behaviour) or negative (avoidance of an unpleasant experience). The role of positive reinforcement in the use of psychoactive substances can be explained by the fact that drugs can cause pleasurable sensations. The more pleasure or in some cases fear of withdrawal reinforce the continued use of the substance.
Knowledge mediates attitude in autism spectrum disorders? Data from Malaysia
Published in International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 2023
Shin Ying Chu, Jaehoon Lee, Yee Yan Wong, Chun Hong Gan, Veronica Fierro, Deborah Hersh
In many parts of the world, children with ASD are not being diagnosed until three or four years old (Rhoades et al.2007). This late diagnosis, which frequently occurs in middle- and low-income countries, causes delays in treatment, resulting in increased medical costs, long term special education needs, and a greater reliance on continual living support (Bello-Mojeed et al.2017, Montiel-Nava et al.2017). An early diagnosis of ASD facilitates early intervention, resulting in improved behavioural outcomes in the social, cognitive, and communication deficits faced by children with ASD ( Koegel et al.2014). Applied behaviour analysis (ABA) has been found to be an effective method for treating children with ASD to improve their communication, language, social attention, and daily living skills (Eldevik et al.2009, Rafiee and Khanjani 2020). This approach uses external reinforcement to modify or diminish behaviours based on the principles of respondent and operant conditioning.
Behavioral Activation as a Principle-Based Treatment: Developments from a Multi-Site Collaboration to Advance Adolescent Depression Treatment
Published in Evidence-Based Practice in Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 2023
Jessica L. Jenness, Kathryn DeLonga, R. Eric Lewandowski, Carolyn Spiro, Katherine Crowe, Christopher R. Martell, Kenneth E. Towbin, Argyris Stringaris, Elizabeth McCauley
Based on a functional analytic model of depression (Figure 1), BA utilizes the principles of operant conditioning (i.e., learning that occurs via the positive and negative associations between behaviors and their consequences) to increase positive reinforcement and decrease barriers to engaging in positively reinforcing behaviors. BA is particularly focused on addressing avoidant behaviors that emerge secondary to anhedonia, or the diminished capacity to feel pleasure or reward. BA clinicians take an idiographic approach to depression assessment that seeks to identify circumstances and actions that contribute to reduced positive reinforcement and maintain depression symptoms within the teen’s context. For example, an adolescent experiencing low mood and anhedonia following a conflict with a friend may engage in avoidant behaviors such as withdrawing from social contact with all friends. Social withdrawal may then lead to an overall reduction in positive reinforcement (e.g., isolation and fewer social invitations) and increased punishment (e.g., criticism from friends) that ultimately worsen depression.
Presurgical rehabilitation program for patients with symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis: A pilot randomized controlled trial protocol
Published in Canadian Journal of Pain, 2022
Nora Bakaa, Douglas P. Gross, Lisa C. Carlesso, Joy MacDermid, Kenneth Thomas, Florence Slomp, Alison Rushton, Maxi Miciak, Rob Smeets, Raja Rampersaud, Andrew Nataraj, Brian Drew, Pahuta Markian, Daipayan Guha, Aleks Cenic, Luciana Macedo
Prehabilitation will consist of exercises and a walking program that will be delivered using graded activity,31 other cognitive behavioral therapy principles,32 and motivational interviewing.33 With graded activity, principles of operant conditioning are used to reinforce healthy behaviors.31 The program will focus functional activities and goals, identified by the participant at baseline, and progress in a time-contingent manner regardless of pain to achieve functional goals and increased activity. Principles of quotas, pacing, and self-reinforcement are key features of the program. To achieve functional goals, exercises may incorporate global muscle strengthening and stretching, with a focus on improving walking capacity, trunk strength, and general body muscle strength.