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Clinical evaluation of motor development
Published in Ajay Sharma, Helen Cockerill, From Birth to Five Years, 2021
Primitive reflexes are patterns of spontaneous involuntary movements seen soon after birth (Table 2.1). Their disappearance, by 4–6 months of age, is a prerequisite for the appearance of coordinated voluntary movements. Their persistence beyond 6 months or re-emergence indicates a pathology of the central nervous system. Protective reflexes develop from 4–5 months onwards and can be absent or asymmetrical in motor disorders (Table 2.2).
Functional Neurology
Published in James Crossley, Functional Exercise and Rehabilitation, 2021
A reflex is an involuntary, spontaneous reaction to a specific sensory stimulus. Reflexes work on ‘short neurological loops’, acting to and from the spinal cord without the need for central processing. Short-loop reflexes are extremely fast, making them extremely useful when we lack time to adapt and react.
Peripheral neurological
Published in Ian Mann, Alastair Noyce, The Finalist’s Guide to Passing the OSCE, 2021
Practise eliciting reflexes to ensure that you know where the tendons lie anatomically. Hold the tendon hammer down the shaft, away from the head, and swing it purposefully. Reflexes can be described as: (pathologically) brisk (+++) — upper motor neurone lesionsnormal (++)reduced (+)absent (–)present only with reinforcement, i.e. teeth clenching (±).
Structural validity and internal consistency of a hypothesized factor structure of the Fugl-Meyer Assessment of the upper extremity
Published in Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation, 2023
Yuta Tauchi, Makoto Kyougoku, Yuho Okita, Takashi Takebayashi
First, the original form could not be used to assess all models; the model with the best fit was the 30-item form (4-factor, 30 items: Model 5). This finding strongly supported the multidimensionality of the FMA-UE form,13,19,20 and the three reflex items (biceps, triceps, and normal reflex items) were unnecessary, as shown in previous studies.5,13,19,20 Reflexes are involuntary movements through which an individual automatically elicits a response to a stimulus; reflexes are susceptible to mental stress and spasticity.19,20 The presence of reflex items is unacceptable in the FMA-UE form, which assesses voluntary upper extremity movements. In addition, two items (items 1 and 2) appeared to be within nominal scales1; hence, the confusion with scaling the different variables using either the two-scoring or three-scoring method (items 3–33) made it difficult to statistically estimate the factor structure of the original form.19,20 In the statistical analysis, it is always estimated by removing the reflex items, thereby suggesting that the reflex items were not needed. CFA confirmed that the reflex items were unnecessary in the FMAUE-J form; therefore, pure upper extremity function can be assessed by adopting the factor structure of the 30-item form, excluding three reflex items.
The early history of the knee-jerk reflex in neurology
Published in Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2022
Reasons for their misjudgments of reflex component durations had to do with several factors, including (a) the preliminary level of their research on reflexes, (b) their neurophysiological ignorance, and (c) their technical skills and their methodological approach. The preliminary level of their research is seen in their scattered approach. A variety of myotatic reflexes were investigated by this time (knee jerk, planter reflex, Achilles reflex, ankle clonus, eye blink) by multiple investigators, and within a variety of research species (frogs, rabbits, dogs, humans) using different experimental approaches (body movements, muscle contractions, muscle stretches). Their approaches was neither organized nor standardized. Their theoretical reflex component analyses, therefore, incorporated available information opportunistically, necessarily compounding error and ignorance.
Long-term surgical outcome of Chiari type-I malformation-related syringomyelia: an experience of tertiary referral hospital
Published in Neurological Research, 2022
Anas Abdallah, İrfan Çınar, Betül Güler Abdallah
A 25-year-old female patient presented to our outpatient clinics with neck pain, numbness in arms, dizziness, and headaches that were induced with efforts and coughs for 5 years with increasing intensity of the complaints in the last one month. Her neurological examination demonstrated hypoesthesia, loss of pin-prick and temperature sensation on all extremities, Babinski’s sign was positive on both sides, and deep tendon jerks and plantar reflexes were decreased bilaterally. A GAG reflex was positive. An MRI revealed a descent of the cerebellar tonsils into the upper cervical canal with 12 mm associated with a cervicothoracic syrinx cavity measuring in maximal diameters 11 × 16 mm and the length of 330 mm. The septation was observed along the syrinx cavity (Figure 2).