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Learning Engineering Applies the Learning Sciences
Published in Jim Goodell, Janet Kolodner, Learning Engineering Toolkit, 2023
Jim Goodell, Janet Kolodner, Aaron Kessler
You can think of a neuron as the basic wiring of the brain, with inputs controlling outputs. Like how an electrical circuit for a light may have a switch (input) that controls whether the light is on or off, each neuron may have inputs in the form of chemical stimuli from the nervous system that result in output conditions. If you turn on a light switch (the input) something happens at the output, the light bulb illuminates as shown in Figure 2.6.
Engineered Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery in Cancer Therapy *
Published in Valerio Voliani, Nanomaterials and Neoplasms, 2021
Tianmeng Sun, Yu Shrike Zhang, Pang Bo, Dong Choon Hyun, Miaoxin Yang, Younan Xia
There are many clinical situations that require treatments beyond sustained, continuous release of drugs [87]. Studies in chronopharmacology indicate that the onsets of certain diseases, such as tumorigenesis and progression of cancer, exhibit strong circadian dependence [88]. Treatment of such diseases requires smart control over the drug release patterns and profiles in response to in vivo physiological conditions or external stimuli [89]. With respect to the biological system, the stimuli used to trigger the release of a drug can be broadly classified as either internal (e.g., variation in pH value or concentrations of ions, small molecules, and enzymes) [70e, 90] or external (e.g., light, ultrasound, electric field, magnetic field, and heating, which are also commonly referred to as physical stimuli) [70e, 90d, 91]. In principle, the fast response of a drug delivery system to a stimulus can be employed for real-time manipulation of drug dosage and further achievement of on-demand drug delivery. A wide spectrum of stimuli-responsive materials and their detailed mechanisms in controlling release have been extensively reviewed elsewhere [70d, 92]. In the following sections, we only focus on several representative stimuli-responsive release systems used in cancer therapy.
Effects of Antithrombotic and Results of Drug Screening
Published in Josef Hladovec, Antithrombotic Drugs in Thrombosis Models, 2020
Another trend which might have been noted in the survey was the general neglect of vascular factors even though today they are increasingly declared as important. The traditional stress on blood clotting was later replaced by platelet functions, but the vascular factors have not yet been included into the methodology in a routine way. While the methods introduced in this monograph may not be the best possible, they still represent the first attempt at an integrated and standardized methodology for the study of antithrombotics. The models of endothelemia, as well as both models of thrombosis, all share one concept and stress particularly the role of the vessel wall. They also use one stimulus, hypotonic saline injection, but it might be possible to obtain further information by comparing the effects of various other stimuli, e.g., citrate, epinephrine, hydrogen peroxide, calcium chloride, etc. Some interesting differences might have been noted e.g., with the endothelemia model in the presented data. By all means, the system is not considered a definitive solution and various modifications are possible and might be useful.
Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy as a Treatment Method Against Anxiety Disorders and Depression-A Structured Literature Review
Published in Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 2023
Omar Hawajri, Jennifer Lindberg, Sakari Suominen
According to the TAM theory, several factors or barriers can effect the care recipient’s attitude to care interventions, and subsequently, their intention and use of the care intervention. The first factor to mention comprises the patient’s fears and misconceptions of prolonged exposure therapy and its consequences like cybersickness, which can increase the refusal or drop out (Boeldt et al., 2019). Secondly, general practical issues can influence the arrangement of exposure therapy in different clinical settings, such as limited time and the logistics for planning the therapy, therapists’ own anxiety and distress related to using exposure-based interventions and lack of dissemination of exposure therapy (Pittig et al., 2019). Thirdly, the concerns about exposure-based therapy found among therapists can be distressing for both the therapist and patient, increasing the risk of worsening the patient’s anxiety. A fourth factor is that only a limited number of mental healthcare professionals are clinically and formally trained in this kind of therapy and may have individual barriers to the use of it. Also, mental health providers may be reluctant to the use the latest evidence-based interventions due to individual negative attitudes (Botella et al., 2015). Furthermore, confidentiality risks for patients, accessibility and controllability of the stimuli, privacy, and ethical concerns may also exist (Ma et al., 2021; Maples-Keller et al., 2017).
Matrix metalloproteinase enzyme responsive delivery of 5-Fluorouracil using Collagen-I peptide functionalized Dendrimer-Gold nanocarrier
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2022
Sejal Chauhan, Krunal Patel, Poonam Jain, Ashok Kumar Jangid, Sunita Patel, Kanakaraju Medicherla, Kajal Limbad, Chetan Mehta, Hitesh Kulhari
Stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems have emerged as new generation, intelligent delivery systems for improving the efficacy of the drug molecules. These systems release the encapsulated drugs in response to a particular stimulus. The stimulus is generally a characteristic of the disease being treated. Therefore, a significantly higher concentration of drug is delivered to the diseased site and it helps to reduce the off-target effects of the drug by decreasing its interaction with healthy cells. It is particularly important for the drugs like anticancer agents, which have low therapeutic index and severe adverse effects. In case of cancer, the common stimuli are pH, temperature, glutathione level, reactive oxygen species, hypoxia, and enzymes [1]. In the past few years, enzyme-responsive delivery of anticancer drugs has been explored and shown promises due to high specificity and exclusive selectivity [2].
Knowledge and risk perception about an Ebola virus outbreak: a comparative study of Ghana and Liberia
Published in Journal of Communication in Healthcare, 2020
Affect has differing conceptualizations in different disciplines. Risk perception scholars view affect or integral affect as general positive or negative feelings based on learned representations of a stimulus [16]. Feminists and critical cultural scholars conceptualize affect as social practices of feelings inherent in ‘power relations and influential in social, political, cultural and historical contexts’ ([17], p. 329). Sociologists view affect as ‘relational [feelings produced through cultural contexts that shape and are shaped by the performance of identity and power differences’ ([18], p. 768). Along this line of thinking, Leser and Spissiger [17] argue that focusing on negative or positive feelings is less informative and revealing compared to considering what affect can do for who and how. These newer renditions of affect embrace the idea that affect is not only subjective but experienced in context. What all the definitions have in common is feeling in response to a stimulus.