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Introduction to botulinum toxin
Published in Michael Parker, Charlie James, Fundamentals for Cosmetic Practice, 2022
Acetylcholine is utilised by neurons throughout the brain, such as in the motor cortex and in the motor neurons which innervate skeletal muscles. It has an almost universally excitatory effect; however, it has been detailed to be inhibitory at times at peripheral parasympathetic nerve endings, such as inducing bradycardia via the vagus nerve. It is also worth noting that acetylcholine is released from many sympathetic neurons, and subsequently, this is why botulinum toxin can also be used in the treatment of hyperhidrosis as sweating is a sympathetic response.
Neuroimaging in Nuclear Medicine
Published in Michael Ljungberg, Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging for Physicists, 2022
Anne Larsson Strömvall, Susanna Jakobson Mo
In Alzheimer´s disease (AD), the most common form of dementia, amyloid plaques, mainly composed of clumps of β-amyloid (a part of a protein occurring in the synapse) and neurofibrillary tangles, are formed by aggregation of an intracellular protein type called tau. In AD the degenerative process causes damage to nerve-cells communicating with the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. In the brain, acetylcholine is important for cognitive functions, including memory. As the neurons die and the function in affected areas is decreased, the regional blood flow and glucose metabolism will be lower than in normally functioning areas. Typically, the parietal and temporal lobes are affected in Alzheimer´s disease, causing memory loss as well as, for example, difficulties in time and space orientation.
Plantago ovata (Isabgol) and Rauvolfia serpentina (Indian Snakeroot)
Published in Azamal Husen, Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees of Potential Medicinal Benefits, 2022
Ankur Anavkar, Nimisha Patel, Ahmad Ali, Hina Alim
The pharmacokinetics of levodopa, a dopamine precursor, is shown to be improved by P. ovata husk. This improves the drug response in patients suffering from Parkinson's disease (Goncalves and Romano, 2016). A study reported the inhibiting activity of P. ovata against the acetylcholinesterase enzyme responsible for hydrolysis of acetylcholine. Thus, it could be used to overcome acetylcholine deficiency and used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (Tlili et al., 2019).
Effect of diet supplemented with African Star Apple Fruit Pulp on purinergic, cholinergic and monoaminergic enzymes, TNF-α expression and redox imbalance in the brain of hypertensive rats
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2023
Tosin A. Olasehinde, Seun F. AKomolafe, Iyabo F. Oladapo, Sunday I. Oyeleye
High acetylcholinesterase activity was observed in the brain of hypertensive rats, and this suggests rapid hydrolysis of acetylcholine which may reduce its level in the synaptic cleft, hence disrupting cholinergic metabolism and neurotransmission. Low levels of acetylcholine have been linked with cognitive dysfunction [60]. Acetylcholine is an important neurotransmitter involved in transmitting nerve impulses from one neuron to another [61]. The observed increase in AChE activity also correlates with the significant increase in AChE mRNA expression in the brain of hypertensive rats. These results established that high blood pressure may contribute to cholinergic deficit and impaired cholinergic transmission. After supplementation with FP, acetylcholinesterase activity and AChE mRNA expression was significantly reduced in the brain of hypertensive rats, which suggest inhibition of rapid hydrolysis and depletion of acetylcholine. FP may contain some compounds that may inhibit AChE, hence the observed reduction of the enzyme activity. Compounds such as catechins, epigallocatechin, beta-amyrin acetate and myricetin rhamnoside, previously identified in FP, may induce inhibition of AChE. Previous reports have also indicated that these compounds are potent AChE inhibitors [62–65].
Chronic oral exposure of aluminum chloride in rat modulates molecular and functional neurotoxic markers relevant to Alzheimer’s disease
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2022
Mangaldeep Dey, Rakesh Kumar Singh
Acetylcholine is involved in the cholinergic transmission in the brain and acts as a neuromodulator in the brain (Farhat et al. 2017). Impairment in the cholinergic system manifests dementia in patients with AD (Haam and Yakel 2017). Currently, acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE) inhibition is targeted as a treatment strategy for slowing down the progression of AD by inhibiting its degradation at the synapse, hence enhancing the cholinergic transmission and delay in the progression of the disease (Ravi et al. 2018). We noted an increase in the acetylcholinesterase activity in the brain in aluminum-treated group compared to the control group. In recent findings increase in AChE is reported in mouse brains after long-term exposures to aluminum (Ravi et al. 2020). This suggests a notable cholinergic deficit function after chronic aluminum exposure due to degradation of Ach by AChE.
Anticholinergics and falls in older adults
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2022
Anticholinergic action implies antagonism of cholinergic neurotransmitters, which is associated with the potentially unwanted effects of drowsiness, hallucinations, blurred vision, dry mouth, urinary retention, and muscle weakness (Figure 1). In the brain, acetylcholine is involved in learning and memory. Therefore, the main central nervous system anticholinergic side effects include memory problems, confusion, and cognitive impairment [42]. Initial studies on anticholinergic effects focused on muscle weakness and the consequences of parasympathetic blockade, but the focus of recent studies have shifted to dementia, cardiovascular disorders, and mortality [43,44]. However, relatively few studies have evaluated the relationship between anticholinergic effects and falls.