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Locked-In Syndrome
Published in Alexander R. Toftness, Incredible Consequences of Brain Injury, 2023
If you're wondering about the sensations of touch and hearing, well, those are a bit more complicated. The neural pathways for those senses also run through the brain stem, but in a slightly different location—further back in the brain stem than the motor nerves (Bleck, 2003). In most people who have locked-in syndrome, they can still experience at least some touch and hearing because those nerve fibers were just slightly out of the range of the brain damage. This may lead to cases where the person can feel the prick of a pin, but can't move any muscles to indicate that they can feel it, leading the medical workers to conclude that they are deeply unconscious due to the lack of a response—a terrifying situation to be in.
Ethanolic Extracts of Dysphania ambrosioides Alleviates Scopolamine-Induced Amnesia in Experimental Animals
Published in Atanu Bhattacharjee, Akula Ramakrishna, Magisetty Obulesu, Phytomedicine and Alzheimer’s Disease, 2020
Rajashri Bezbaruah, Chandana C. Barua, Lipika Buragohain, Pobitra Borah, Iswar Chandra Barua, Ghanshyam Panigrahi
The complex process of memory formation involves many neurotransmitters and multiple neural pathways, where the cholinergic neural system plays a crucial role (Joshi and Malviya, 2017). The word “memory” can be defined as the ability of an individual to record previous sensations, information, experiences, and ideas, to retain them for a period of time, and then to retrieve the same, when required (Richardson and Zucco, 1989).
Electrophysiologic Evaluation
Published in Jacques Corcos, Gilles Karsenty, Thomas Kessler, David Ginsberg, Essentials of the Adult Neurogenic Bladder, 2020
Melita Rotar, David B. Vodušek
Aim: To objectively investigate the conduction in afferent neural pathways from the periphery to the sensory cortex
Training of isometric force tracking to improve motor control of the wrist after incomplete spinal cord injury: a case study
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2023
Jayden A. Bisson, Jacob R. Dupre, Stacey L. DeJong
Recovery of upper limb movement ability is a high priority for people with incomplete tetraplegia after spinal cord injury (SCI) (Collinger et al., 2013; Simpson, Eng, Hsieh, and Wolfe, 2012). Clients and clinicians seek to maximize recovery by activating spared neural pathways to preserve residual function and to induce neural adaptations (Little, Ditunno, Stiens, and Harris, 1999; Vining et al., 2017). Evidence-based restorative approaches include massed practice of functional motor skills, somatosensory stimulation, and functional electrical stimulation, all of which improve upper limb function and are associated with increased corticospinal excitability (Gomes-Osman and Field-Fote, 2015; Lu, Battistuzzo, Zoghi, and Galea, 2015; McGie, Zariffa, Popovic, and Nagai, 2015). Specific changes in muscle activation patterns that underlie improvements in upper limb motor control after SCI are not well understood, however. Further insight into neuromotor adaptations may help to maximize effectiveness of rehabilitation for people with partial paralysis.
Motor Evoked Potential Amplitude in Motor Behavior-based Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Studies: A Systematic Review
Published in Journal of Motor Behavior, 2023
Jennifer L. Ryan, Emily Eng, Darcy L. Fehlings, F. Virginia Wright, Danielle E. Levac, Deryk S. Beal
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) targeting the primary motor cortex (M1) has been regularly studied in healthy and clinical populations for several decades with the goal of promoting neural reorganization and changing motor behavior (Stagg & Nitsche, 2011). tDCS alters cortical excitability by delivering subthreshold electrical currents to targeted cortical neurons (Brunoni et al., 2012; Stagg & Nitsche, 2011). In dual electrode montages (i.e., one anode, one cathode), anodal tDCS refers to placing the anode directly over the neural target which causes temporary excitation of the proximate grey matter by predisposing axonal resting membrane potentials toward depolarization (Nitsche & Paulus, 2000; Stagg & Nitsche, 2011). Cathodal tDCS involves placing the cathode over the neural target and is theoretically associated with decreased cortical excitability or hyperpolarization of axonal resting membrane potentials in proximate grey matter (Nitsche & Paulus, 2000; Stagg & Nitsche, 2011). Task practice during these periods of altered cortical activity is thought to promote neural reorganization by strengthening existing neural pathways and forming new neural connections, and is associated with improved motor behavior (Stagg & Nitsche, 2011).
Heart rate variability as a marker of autonomic nervous system activity in young people with eosinophilic and non-eosinophilic asthma
Published in Journal of Asthma, 2023
Hajar Ali, Collin Brooks, Yu-Chieh Tzeng, Julian Crane, Richard Beasley, Peter Gibson, Philip Pattemore, Thorsten Stanley, Neil Pearce, Jeroen Douwes
To date, relatively few studies have conducted HRV analysis in asthma and the results have been mixed. Increased PNS activity in asthma (i.e. increased HF) was found in some studies (9–11) but not others (12,13). Furthermore, some studies have reported an association between increased PNS activity and poor asthma control (11) and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) (14), while increased SNS activity (increased LF) was associated with improved control (11) and β-agonist use (15). However, most studies have been conducted in adults or people with severe asthma, with few studies in young adults or children with mild-to-moderate asthma. Additionally, previous HRV studies have not considered the heterogeneity underlying different asthma pathologies or inflammatory phenotypes e.g. eosinophilic asthma (EA) and non-eosinophilic asthma (NEA) (16). This may have contributed to some of the mixed results reported previously. In particular, we have previously shown that NEA but not EA exhibit heightened sensory nerve reactivity (17). Other neural pathways might therefore also be important in the pathology of this phenotype.