China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
What Actually Is Sleep?
Published in Zippi Dolev, Mordechai Zalesch, Judy Kupferman, Sleep and Women's Health, 2019
Zippi Dolev, Mordechai Zalesch, Judy Kupferman
Slow-wave sleep is characterized by a decrease in the frequency of the electrical activity waves of the brain, along with increase in wave intensity, and by the relaxation of the body while maintaining muscle tension and closed and quiet eyelids. This state is divided into three phases, corresponding to the frequency of the waves. The slowest waves are the stage of the deepest sleep.
Sleep Disorders in Older Adults
Published in K. Rao Poduri, Geriatric Rehabilitation, 2017
Armando Miciano, David Berbrayer
A large meta-analysis of 65 overnight studies representing 3577 subjects across the entire age spectrum reported that, with age, the percentage time of REM sleep decreased, while the percentages of light sleep (stage 1 and stage 2 sleep) increased [5]. Furthermore, slow-wave sleep (SWS) had a gradual and linear decrease of 2% per decade in young and middle-aged adults. When only reviewing studies of elderly participants, SWS remained constant after the age of 60 years with no significant continued change with age [5]. Finally, men aged 16–83 years had an average decrease in the total sleep time of 27 minutes per decade from midlife into late age [6]. While these age-related changes are well documented, their consequences are not fully understood or extensively researched. However, in the current theoretical framework, such changes in sleep architecture are considered nonpathological and might reflect age-related neural degeneration [7].
Sleep
Published in Hilary McClafferty, Integrative Pediatrics, 2017
The two broad categories of sleep, slow wave sleep and rapid eye movement sleep, are both necessary in proper proportion for good health. Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is associated with cognitive functions, memory storage, and growth of the central nervous system. REM sleep decreases from about 50% of total sleep in infancy to about 20% of sleep after the age of 3–5 years. Slow wave sleep is more broadly associated with restoration and cell repair (Bharti, Mehta, and Malhi 2013).
Physical Activity and Cognition: A Mediating Role of Efficient Sleep
Published in Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 2018
Kristine A. Wilckens, Kirk I. Erickson, Mark E. Wheeler
Awakenings during sleep are less likely to occur during the deepest stage of sleep, slow-wave sleep (Neckelmann & Ursin, 1993). Slow-wave sleep involves neural synchrony predominantly over the prefrontal cortex, reflecting synchronized depolarizing of neurons (Steriade et al., 1993). Such neural synchrony over the prefrontal cortex may potentiate synapses within networks important for executive control. Slow-wave sleep has been shown to increase with exercise (Kline et al., 2013), and is linked to executive control and memory consolidation (Anderson & Horne, 2003; Mander et al., 2013; Wilckens et al., 2016). One proposed mechanism supporting a link between physical activity and sleep is the restoration hypothesis, which proposes that energy expenditure stimulates a restoration process whereby sleep allows the body and brain to recuperate (Buman & King, 2010; Driver & Taylor, 2000; Lopez, 2008). Accordingly, slow-wave sleep has been proposed to preferentially “restore” prefrontal cortex function (Anderson & Horne, 2003; Maquet et al., 1997; Muzur, Pace-Schott, & Hobson, 2002; Picchioni, Duyn, & Horovitz, 2013; Wilckens et al., 2016). Additionally, low sleep efficiency may reflect the disruption of multiple sleep features involved in cognition, including stage N2 spindles and rapid eye movement sleep. Future research will determine whether the sleep mechanism linking physical activity with executive control is synchronized neural firing, a restoration processes, or a combination of sleep features working together to enhance executive control.
Does breaking up prolonged sitting when sleep restricted affect postprandial glucose responses and subsequent sleep architecture? – a pilot study
Published in Chronobiology International, 2018
Grace E. Vincent, Sarah M. Jay, Charli Sargent, Katya Kovac, Michele Lastella, Corneel Vandelanotte, Nicola D. Ridgers, Sally A. Ferguson
In this study, regularly breaking up prolonged sitting with light-intensity walking was associated with small increases in stage N3 sleep (slow-wave sleep) and a decrease in stage N2 sleep and WASO. These findings partially support one previous study which investigated sleep of hypertensive adults using sit–stand desks compared to continuous sitting across two simulated 8-h workdays (Kline et al. 2017). Some subjective (WASO, sleep-onset latency and awakenings) but not objective (measured by wrist-actigraphy) improvements in sleep quality were reported (Kline et al. 2017). A recent review of the previous literature showed that acute exercise results in small increases in slow-wave sleep (Chennaoui et al. 2015). Slow-wave sleep plays a crucial role in recovery and sleep consolidation (Roth 2009), but the mechanisms linking physical activity and increases in slow-wave sleep are unclear. Further, it is unknown what characteristics of the physical activity (e.g. intermittent, amount) in the current study contributed to the increase in slow-wave sleep. The observed increase in the amount of slow-wave sleep with subsequent days of sleep restriction is supported by previous literature (Wu et al. 2010). Further research is needed to explore what aspects of breaking up sitting have benefits for subsequent sleep.
Neuropsychological, electrophysiological, and neuroimaging biomarkers for REM behavior disorder
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2019
Luigi Ferini-Strambi, Elisabetta Fasiello, Marco Sforza, Maria Salsone, Andrea Galbiati
Several studies [76–78] investigated sleep macrostructure of iRBD using automatic classifiers and data-driven approaches to avoid methodological bias occurring with sleep manual scoring [77]. A relevant index to investigate macrostructure quality is sleep instability, defined as a decreased ability to sustain a sleep stage or a time reduced in any sleep stages before switching to another [77]. These studies found sleep instability in the wake-sleep pattern and in Non-REM (NREM)-REM transitions, both in PD and in iRBD patients [76–78]. Moreover, these patients showed less time spent in any sleep stages and instability of REM and Slow Wave Sleep (SWS) compared to healthy controls [77].