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Scheme for Investigating Cases of Death due to Traumatic Injuries
Published in Paul T. Jayaprakash, Crime Scene Investigation and Reconstruction, 2023
Being active during the daytime, the Calliphorid flies oviposit on dead bodies almost immediately after death unless physical barriers prevent their access to the dead body. The time taken for the different stages in their life cycle remains constant for a given ambient temperature, and thus is considered a reliable indicator when assessing the time since death in decomposed dead bodies. During less rainy seasons, C. megacephala are seen ovipositing on animal models on the first day; the first instar larvae hatching out on the second day; and the larvae of the second instar, third instar, and the prepupal (migrating larvae) being noted on the third, fourth, and fifth days, respectively. Pupae were noticed on the sixth day (during April–June at mean ambient temperature 28.25 ± 0.89ºC in Malaysia) (Mahat et al., 2009). Diagrammatic representation of the life cycle of C. megacephala until reaching the pupae stage indicating the minimal duration observed in Malaysia is shown in Figure 5.60. The eggs of both these species are seen in batches, and the first instar larvae do not exhibit particular spiracle morphology. The posterior spiracle of the second instar larvae have two slits while that of the third instar larvae have three slits (PS2 and PS3 in Figure 5.60). The SOCOs may note that the differences in spiracle morphology can be observed using a stereo microscope and thus can be used for inferring the larval growth stages in the crime scene itself. Similarly, the migrating stage can be recognized by the larval mass moving away from the dead body seeking to pupate.
Aedes Mosquitoes: The Universal Vector
Published in Jagriti Narang, Manika Khanuja, Small Bite, Big Threat, 2020
Annette Angel, Bennet Angel, Neelam Yadav, Jagriti Narang, Surender Singh Yadav, Vinod Joshi
Inside the hypopharynx, there is a salivary canal through which saliva flows. The saliva consists of many important proteins that include anticoagulant, vasodilating properties (Snodgrass, 1959). The digestive or alimentary canal consists of pharynx, esophagus, stomach divided into foregut, midgut, and hindgut, followed by intestine, rectum, and anus (Fig. 1.15). The nervous system consists of central, peripheral, and sympathetic systems with brain and ganglions connecting to all parts of the body (Fig. 1.16). On each side of the head is a compound eye consisting of hundreds of small units called ommatidia (Jirakanjanakit et al., 2008). The respiratory system includes spiracles on either side of the body, which open into tracheal trunks toward the inside of the body cavity (Mill, 1985, 1998; Sláma, 1999).
Flies (That Might Cause Myiasis)
Published in Gail Miriam Moraru, Jerome Goddard, The Goddard Guide to Arthropods of Medical Importance, Seventh Edition, 2019
Gail Miriam Moraru, Jerome Goddard
As in other types of myiasis, the only known therapeutic procedure, other than applying local palliatives, is the direct removal of the maggots (surgically, if necessary) and treatment to prevent or control secondary infection. Service19 observed that a standard method for Tumbu larvae removal is to cover the small hole in the swelling with medicinal liquid paraffin. This prevents the larva from breathing through its posterior spiracles and forces it to wriggle a little further out of the swelling to protrude the spiracles. In doing so, it lubricates the pocket (in the skin) and the larva can then be extracted by gently pressing around the swelling. Care must be taken not to break or damage the larva to prevent an intense immune response.
Inter-organ regulation by the brain in Drosophila development and physiology
Published in Journal of Neurogenetics, 2023
Sunggyu Yoon, Mingyu Shin, Jiwon Shim
Hematopoietic pockets on the lateral side have been defined and extensively studied to determine their role in hemocyte proliferation via PNS neurons. In addition to the hematopoietic pocket, many hemocytes adhere to the posterior spiracles, where PNS neurons control the transdifferentiation of plasmatocytes into crystal cells (Corcoran et al., 2020; Leitao & Sucena, 2015). Oxygen-sensing neurons expressing an atypical guanylyl cyclase, Gyc88E, and Gyc89Db are localized in the sensory cone neurons near spiracles and induce the trans-differentiation of plasmatocytes into crystal cells. Inhibition of sensory neurons, silencing Gyc88E, or exposure to short-term hypoxia significantly reduces the number of crystal cells, which hampers the response to bacterial infection (Corcoran et al., 2020).
Schizencephaly accompanied by occipital encephalocele and deletion of chromosome 22q13.32: a case report
Published in Fetal and Pediatric Pathology, 2019
Cihan Inan, N. Cenk Sayin, Hakan Gurkan, Engin Atli, Selen Gursoy Erzincan, Isil Uzun, Havva Sutcu, Sumeyra Dogan, Emine Ikbal Atli, Fusun Varol
Schizencephaly is a cerebral cortical malformation with an estimated prevalence of 1.48/100.000 births. This congenital abnormality is characterized by a hemispheric cleft extending from the ventricles to the ipsilateral subarachnoid space [1]. There are two types, separated (open-lip) or fused (closed-lip) [2, 3]. The clefts are covered by heterotopic gray matter and may be present at any location in the brain [4]. Schizencephaly may coexist with various cerebral malformations including gray matter heterotopy, agenesis of the corpus callosum, polymicrogyria, microcephaly, and septo-optic dysplasia [5, 6]. Although the etiopathogenesis is still unclear, the most accepted hypothesis of the formation of cerebral cleft is a vascular damage in early gestation that results in ischemia in the germinal matrix [7, 8]. Alternatively, genetic alterations in the empty spiracles homeobox2 (EMX2), SIX homebox3 (SIX3), and sonic hedgehog (SHH) genes may also contribute to the development of schizencephaly because of their potential adverse effects on the brain development and neuronal migration processes [9–11]. We describe a female infant with schizencephaly with the unexpected findings of an occipital encephalocele and deletion of chromosome 22q13.32.
Pleiotropy of the Drosophila melanogaster foraging gene on larval feeding-related traits
Published in Journal of Neurogenetics, 2018
A. M. Allen, I. Anreiter, A. Vesterberg, S. J. Douglas, M. B. Sokolowski
Finally, both forpr2-Gal4 and forpr4-Gal4 expressed in the salivary gland imaginal ring (Figure S1(C, N)), which develops into the adult salivary duct and gland during metamorphosis. forpr3-Gal4 expressed in the developed larval salivary gland (Figure S1(I)) and extensively in body wall muscle (Figure S1(D)). forpr3-Gal4 expressed in the fat body (Figure 2(L)). In contrast, forpr1-Gal4, forp2-Gal4, and forp4-Gal4 did not expressed in the fat body (Figure 2(J, K, M), respectively). forpr4-Gal4 expressed in dorsal denticles (Figure S1(K)), as well as the anterior and posterior spiracles (Figure S1(L,M)). Although the four forpr-Gal4s show broad expression, with forpr3-Gal4 being the broadest, their expression patterns are striking in their cell and tissue specificity.