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Molecular Pathophysiology and the Clinical Presentation of COVID-19
Published in Srijan Goswami, Chiranjeeb Dey, COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2, 2022
Srijan Goswami, Ushmita Gupta Bakshi
The respiratory system is the network of organs, such as the airways, lungs, blood vessels, and the muscles associated with the lungs, which helps in breathing in and breathing out. These parts work together to move oxygen throughout the body and expel gases like carbon dioxide (Hall, 2015; Ralston et al., 2018). Figure 3.3 represents the fundamental aspects of the human respiratory system.
Measuring and monitoring vital signs
Published in Nicola Neale, Joanne Sale, Developing Practical Nursing Skills, 2022
The major function of the respiratory system is to supply the body with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. When the RR is measured, it is the act of ventilation that is observed. One respiration consists of one inspiration (breathing in) and one expiration (breathing out). Respiratory rate measurement is an important aspect of the person’s assessment. Churpek et al. (2016) state that this is the most accurate predictor of deterioration in a person. Deterioration of respiratory effort leads to low levels of oxygen in the blood and raised levels of carbon dioxide. Chapter 14 provides further detail about respiratory assessment.
All health begins at home in the community
Published in Ben Y.F. Fong, Martin C.S. Wong, The Routledge Handbook of Public Health and the Community, 2021
Air is essential to life and quality of air at home is of paramount importance to health, especially the respiratory system, of family members. The home, and all bedrooms, must be well ventilated to allow fresh, clean air in. A family may consider adding a humidifier or air purifier particularly when there are members with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or if the home is situated in a relatively polluted environment like in the proximity of factories, heavy traffic or construction sites. Keeping the air at a comfortable temperature is also a key to better sleep. Sleep is a vital element in children’s physical and psychological development. Deficient sleep quantity or poor sleeping quality is a general health concern with deleterious health effects (Carter et al., 2016). Keeping the home smelling nice is a priority for some homeowners, but some of the sweet-scented air fresheners, commonly containing volatile organic chemicals, may do more harm than good (Walsh, 2019). Moreover, in the daily living, the smog from cigarette smoking and combustion of cooking fuels in the home may affect domestic air quality.
Chronic exposure to ampicillin alters lung microbial composition in laboratory rat
Published in Experimental Lung Research, 2023
Ping Chen, Tingting Hu, Haonan Jiang, Bing Li, Guiying Li, Pixin Ran, Yumin Zhou
COPD is a common and frequently occurring disease of respiratory system, characterized by persistent respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide.21,22 The relationship between the changes in healthy lung microbiota and the progression of early COPD remains unclear. Antibiotic exposure can alter the microbiota. And a number of studies have found that long-term prophylactic antibiotic use in COPD for a period of up to 6 or 12 months, could reduce the number of patients with exacerbations and exacerbation frequency, and increase possibly health-related quality of life.23,24 Animal models are valuable tools to investigate the lung microbiota as technical and ethical restrictions often limited the direct lung studies in humans. The rat is the most commonly used animal model. The COPD rat model-making needed to be exposed to smoke for 20 week.25 During the time of the 20 week of model-making, using the antibiotic to intervene in the lung microbiota could benefit to uncover the relationship between the lung microbiota change in healthy rats and the formation of COPD. The maximal duration of continuous prophylactic antibiotics was 12 months, and for pulsed antibiotics it was 36 months.23,24 There are no data on the impact of very long-term antibiotic use on the lung microbiota of healthy rats.
Mathematical analysis of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange in the human capillary and tissue system
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Ahsan Ul Haq Lone, M. A. Khanday
The human respiratory system has two main functions: oxygen intake from the surrounding air to the body, and to exhale carbon dioxide from the blood to outside air. Those transfers are achieved through passive diffusion across a membrane which separates the gaseous air and the liquid blood, at an instantaneous rate by means of the difference in partial pressures, the area of the exchange surface, and its properties in terms of diffusion (Guyton and Hall 2011; West 2011). As this diffusion tends to reduce the partial pressure difference, a constant renewal must be made on both sides of the membrane. Renewal of air is achieved by the ventilation process, which consists of in periodic inspiration-expiration cycles that provide the inside of the lung with fresh air, whereas venous blood is periodically pumped onto the exchange zone by the heart. The exchange area is the boundary of a huge collection of small cavities (around 300 million units), called alveoli, which makes an exchange area of about 100 m2 (Guyton and Hall 2011; West 2011; Tortora and Derrickson 2012; Nunn 2013). Each of this alveolus is surrounded by a network of very small blood vessels, called capillaries, whose diameter is about 5–10 μm (Guyton and Hall 2011; West 2011). Gas exchange occur through the alveolar-capillary membrane, which is less than a micrometre wide (West 2011; Tortora and Derrickson 2012). The alveoli are connected to the outside world through the respiratory tract, which is an assembling of interconnected pipes following a dyadic-tree structure.
Monoclonal antibody as a targeting mediator for nanoparticle targeted delivery system for lung cancer
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Nasrul Wathoni, Lisa Efriani Puluhulawa, I Made Joni, Muchtaridi Muchtaridi, Ahmed Fouad Abdelwahab Mohammed, Khaled M. Elamin, Tiana Milanda, Dolih Gozali
The lungs are an important organ in the human body, particularly in the respiratory system. Damage to this organ can endanger lives and perhaps result in death. Lung cancer is a form of cancer that affects the human lungs (Bade & Dela Cruz, 2020). This malignancy is the second most common after breast cancer and has the greatest fatality rate of any type of cancer (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2020). It is reported that this cancer has a mortality rate of 1,796,144 or 18% of the total number of cancer deaths and an incidence rate of 2,206,771 which is 11.4% of all cancer incidences worldwide both in women and men (Globocan, 2020). There are currently three options for cancer treatment: surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy (Abbas & Rehman, 2018). Stage I or II Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer ‘NSCLC’ treatment is surgical resection of the tumor followed by adjuvant therapy. When the cancer progresses to stage III or IV, the treatments are chemotherapeutic and/or radiation therapy. Since the cancer invaded surrounding tissues, metastases can occur through the circulatory system or lymphatic system (Huang et al., 2015). Chemotherapy is a form of cancer treatment that employs medications. As a result of the drug’s inability to target specific cells, this therapy is often associated with severe adverse effects (Ohnoshi et al., 1992; Partridge et al., 2001; Sun et al., 2005; Aslam et al., 2014). It has inspired the development of cancer medicines, one of which is the use of nanoparticles.