China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Chronic Rhinosinusitis
Published in Raymond W Clarke, Diseases of the Ear, Nose & Throat in Children, 2023
Acute rhinosinusitis usually resolves but a small proportion of children will go on to have persistent symptoms. Rhinosinusitis persisting beyond 12 weeks is referred to as chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). This is characterised by rhinorrhea and nasal obstruction (Box 19.1) and is an important cause of long-term morbidity in children.
Chronic Rhinosinusitis, Nasal Polyps and Aspirin Exacerbated Respiratory Disease
Published in Pudupakkam K Vedanthan, Harold S Nelson, Shripad N Agashe, PA Mahesh, Rohit Katial, Textbook of Allergy for the Clinician, 2021
Farshad N Chowdhury, Todd T Kingdom
AERD is more frequent in men than women, and generally presents with an adult onset at an average age of 30 years. A classic history begins with the appearance of rhinorrhea and congestion, possibly associated with an upper respiratory infection and subsequent development of nasal polyps. Nasal and sinus symptoms frequently present first, with later onset of asthma and aspirin sensitivity. Intolerance to other Non Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) may be present, and ingestion of aspirin or NSAIDS results in an asthma exacerbation that is usually accompanied by nasal congestion and rhinorrhea (Asad et al. 1984).
Traumatic CSF rhinorrhea
Published in Jyotirmay S. Hegde, Hemanth Vamanshankar, CSF Rhinorrhea, 2020
Hemanth Vamanshankar, Jyotirmay S Hegde
Traumatic CSF leaks present most commonly with unilateral watery rhinorrhea, which is positional and often intermittent. Acute phase (after trauma) presentations include: epistaxis, chemosis, orbital ecchymosis, anosmia, open head injury, cranial nerve deficits (most commonly the 1–3, 5 and 7th), meningitis and pneumocephalus.11,12 Recurrent meningitis, the sensation of a sweet or salty taste in the throat, hyposmia, headaches, and intermittent nasal discharge are usually present in the chronic phase.13,14 Paradoxical rhinorrhea (rhinorrhea from the contralateral site of the CSF leak) can result from fractures displacing midline structures, i.e., the crista galli and vomer, mucocele obstructing the ipsilateral nostril, and in temporal bone fractures. The majority of paradoxical rhinorrhea resolve spontaneously.15,16
Gustatory rhinitis in multiple system atrophy
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica Case Reports, 2021
Kaoru Yamakawa, Kenji Kondo, Akihiko Unaki, Hideto Saigusa, Kyohei Horikiri, Tatsuya Yamasoba
PD, MSA, dementia with Lewy bodies, and pure autonomic failure are categorized as synucleinopathies, a group of neurodegenerative diseases caused by an abnormal accumulation of misfolded phosphorylated α-synuclein in the neurons, glia, or both [6,7]. Autonomic dysfunction is observed in synucleinopathies [8]. The sympathetic nervous system tends to be affected more than the parasympathetic system, which is indicated by the higher rate of orthostatic hypotension [8] and cardiac sympathetic denervation [9]. Therefore, the majority of autonomic nervous symptoms in these patients are based on the deficiency of sympathetic tone and relative predominance of parasympathetic tone. The observation of rhinorrhea is in line with this rationale, because it is caused by parasympathetic nerve hyperactivity in the nasal glands.
Special electrodes for demanding cochlear conditions
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2021
Anandhan Dhanasingh, Ingeborg Hochmair
The CORK stopper has a diameter of 1.9 mm at the thickest seal part and 0.8 mm at the thinnest part with a length of 2.4 mm (Figure 18(B)). For these CORK dimensions to seal the cochlear opening effectively, a ring of muscle tissue around the electrode array (Figure 18(C,D)) is recommended and the size of the cochleostomy should not be larger than 1.5 mm in diameter (Figure 18(E)). MED-EL took the concept, developed the prototype and named the electrode array as CORK. Prof. Sennaroglu and his colleagues implanted the CORK electrode in fifty patients with various inner-ear malformations including IP type I, IP type II, IP type III, EVA, CH and cochlear base defect, between the years 2008–13 [21]. If CSF gusher is observed during the surgery and if the CORK stopper has sealed the cochlea effectively, then no postoperative rhinorrhea is expected. Rhinorrhea is a condition in which the CSF leakage from the inner ear passes through the eustachian tube and escapes through the nasal passages. In the named study, the authors reported CSF gusher in all three IP type malformations during the surgery, and the cochlea was sealed effectively with the CORK type stopper in combination with fascia ring around the electrode array, and only one case experienced rhinorrhea (Table 1).
Allergic rhinitis management: what’s next?
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2018
Farnaz Tabatabaian, Thomas B Casale
Allergic rhinoconjunctivitis is chronic inflammatory disease impacting the nasal and conjunctival mucosa [4]. It is associated with both nasal and nonnasal symptoms. Typical nasal symptoms consist of one or more of the following: rhinorrhea, nasal congestion, sneezing, and itching. Nonnasal symptoms encompass: itchy, watery, or red eyes, increased fatigue, headaches, and sleep disturbance. AR is a risk factor for asthma. Poorly controlled rhinitis can also impact comorbid conditions such as chronic or recurrent sinusitis and obstructive sleep apnea. Symptoms are attributed to increased production of histamine, tryptase, and prostaglandins from mast cells. Amplification of the TH2 inflammatory pathway as a result of mast cell degranulation contributes to persistent inflammation and symptoms (Figure 1). The aim of AR management is to achieve control through reduction of inflammation at the mucosa and improving the overall clinical course of the disease. Allergen avoidance is commonly recommended in clinical practice, but it is often not feasible or not completely effective. Pharmacologic treatments with intranasal steroids, oral, or intranasal antihistamines often provide insufficient symptom relief and do not modify the natural course of AR. Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) is the only disease-modifying therapy for AR. Through desensitization, symptoms of AR improve and the clinical benefits persist for many years after discontinuation of treatment [4]. In this review, we will address novel therapies that may be effective modalities for treatment of AR including: new formulation nasal sprays, novel H3/H4 antihistmines, alternative routes of allergy immunotherapy, and addition of adjuvants to improve allergy (Figure 2).