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Anatomy
Published in Michael Stolberg, Gabrielle Falloppia, 1522/23–1562, 2023
Falloppia was one of the first authors who explicitly mentioned the venous valves. In his Observationes, he quoted the report of João Rodrigues de Castelo Branco called Amatus Lusitanus (whom some Portuguese authors would like to see as the true discoverer).180 Amatus had reported that a little flap (“ostiola”) had been found in the vena azygos in twelve dissections of animals and humans, which were performed in 1547 in Ferrara. According to Amatus, Giovanni Battista Canani and other learned men had seen it. Amatus described moreover an experiment as proof that it really functioned as a valve. If one inserted a little tube into the cut-off vena cava and blew air into the vein through it, he claimed, the vena azygos would fill with air. But if one put that tube into the azygos vein below the ostiola and blew into it, the air did not reach the vena cava. The valve, he concluded, prevented blood from flowing back from the vena azygos into the vena cava, much as the valve at the entrance of the ureter into the bladder and the heart valves prevented a reflux. This was important in the treatment of pleurisy. If, in the experience of many physicians, bloodletting on the same arm was helpful in pleurisy, the reason could not be that the morbid matter was drawn from the area of the vena azygos via the vena cava. Another explanation was needed.181
The Extra-Pleural and Pleural Spaces, including Plombages, Pleural Tumours and the Effects of Asbestos.
Published in Fred W Wright, Radiology of the Chest and Related Conditions, 2022
Moving pleural surfaces pose a natural partial barrier to tumour crossing into the chest wall or adjacent lobe. However, when the pleura has become obliterated or adherent, a tumour may spread into the chest wall, an adjacent lobe or the mediastinum, without any significant pleural reaction. When the chest wall is invaded, or there is a 'dry pleurisy' the patient often experiences severe pain. Rib destruction, adjacent to a lung mass or from metastases, may be obvious on plain radiographs or Bucky views, and masses due to secondary deposits may give rise to the 'pleural coiffe' (see p. 14.1). In less clear-cut cases, isotope bone scans may show positive lesions (but always beware of non-malignant causes - cough or other fractures, Paget's disease, etc).
Pulmonary Tuberculosis In Children
Published in Lourdes R. Laraya-Cuasay, Walter T. Hughes, Interstitial Lung Diseases in Children, 2019
Generalized pleurisy with effusion is a response in the tuberculin-sensitive host to the rupture of a small subpleural caseous focus into the pleural space. Symptoms usually begin abruptly with fever, chest pain, dyspnea, and cough. Physical examination reveals dullness to percussion and diminished breath sounds. The roentgentographic appearance is typical of effusion. Thoracentesis yields a high protein fluid containing predominantly lymphocytes. Pleurisy with effusion usually occurs within 6 months of tuberculin conversion and affects predominantly school age children.4, 10
Global epidemiology and changing clinical presentations of invasive meningococcal disease: a narrative review
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2022
Ala-Eddine Deghmane, Samy Taha, Muhamed-Kheir Taha
Meningococcal pneumonia is usually defined by the presence of symptoms and signs such as (fever, dyspnoea, cough, and radiologic findings) and the detection of N. meningitidis (by culture and/or PCR) in the blood (bacteremic pneumonia). Pleurisy can also occur with the detection of meningococci in the pleural fluid. This underlines the need for blood culture in front of such a clinical picture. This manifestation corresponds therefore to an invasive infection (invasive pneumonia) [62,63]. If blood culture was missing or negative, several criteria may be used to ascertain meningococcal pneumonia in the association of the above-mentioned clinical manifestations: detection of capsulated meningococci as pure culture in deep respiratory samples (such as broncho-alveolar washes) and with a concentration of at least 10e6 CFU/ml.
Respiratory health in Canada before 1800
Published in Canadian Journal of Respiratory, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, 2021
During the 17th and 18th centuries, health care workers moved to Canada, a rapidly expanding territory. The fighting with the Amerindians, the war between France and England, the great distances to be crossed, the harsh winter, and the multiple epidemics were responsible for many health problems. As mentioned in the book written by Rénald Lessard, Au temps de la petite vérole, (At the time of smallpox), cases of asthma, angina (sore throat), catarrh, influenza, influenza, colds, and empyema were often reported.9 Frequent pneumonia, or para-pneumonia and pleurisy were also noted, as were esquinancies (sore throat) and chest pains. In 1708, moreover, pleurisy brought a large number of patients to the Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, the first hospital in North America.8,10 Other pulmonary diseases were called pulmonia, pulmonary disease, chest exhaustion, stomach cold, and pulmonary disease. Pneumonia is especially mentioned from the second half of the 18th century. Gaultier also reported scrofula (cutaneous tuberculosis), jaundice, toothache, diarrhea, rheumatism, hernias, gout and parasitic infections, toothaches, diarrheas, rhumatism, hernias, gout, and parasitic infections.9,10
Diagnostic accuracy of the cancer ratio for the prediction of malignant pleural effusion: evidence from a validation study and meta-analysis
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2021
Ying Zhang, Xiaoou Li, Junhui Liu, Xueru Hu, Chun Wan, Rui Zhang, Yongchun Shen
The results of our study must be interpreted with caution in the light of several limitations. Due to the retrospective nature of our study, we were unable to obtain all the relevant data required for our analysis from the hospital’s medical records, and we didn’t calculate the sample size and also can’t calculate the diagnostic performance of CEA ratio for MPE. Additionally, most of the included studies used patients with tuberculous pleural effusion and parapneumonic effusion as controls. Other aetiologies of pleural effusion, such as heart failure, chemical pleurisy, or connective tissue disease were not included. In order to extend our results, future work must include clinical data from a larger cohort of patients with many different types of pleural effusion. The limited number of studies included in our meta-analysis was also another source of bias, especially since we could not evaluate covariates as possible sources of the observed heterogeneity [32].