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Dysfunctions of COVID-19
Published in Wenguang Xia, Xiaolin Huang, Rehabilitation from COVID-19, 2021
The American Thoracic Society has defined dyspnea as “a symptom characterized by a subjective sense of labored breathing, which differs significantly in intensity”. This sense of labored breathing can result from the interaction of multidisciplinary factors, including physiological, psychosocial, social, and environmental factors, which may induce secondary physiological and behavioral responses. So, dyspnea is typically characterized by labored breathing, which is different from shortness of breath, polypnea, hyperpnea, and hyperventilation. It is a subjective feeling of the patient and is closely correlated with the life quality of the patient.
Cocaine Pharmacology and Drug Interaction in the Fetal-Maternal Unit
Published in Richard J. Konkol, George D. Olsen, Prenatal Cocaine Exposure, 2020
George D. Olsen, Peter C. Schalock
Olsen and Weil91 examined the ventilatory response to hypercapnia in the neonatal guinea pig. Cocaine exposure in the last half of gestation increased neonatal ventilation while breathing either room air or elevated gas mixtures with elevated CO2 content. The alterations in breathing were due primarily to increases in tidal volume. The changes were observed by day 3 after birth and persisted until day 14. Since oxygen consumption and blood gases were not measured, it is not known whether the increased ventilation represents hyperpnea or hyperventilation.
Baroreflex Failure
Published in David Robertson, Italo Biaggioni, Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System, 2019
During the era when carotid body removal and consequent carotid sinus denervation were believed to be helpful in asthma, Holton and Wood (1965) studied respiratory and cardiovascular effects associated with this intervention. In both subjects, the response to 10% oxygen was hyperpnea before and hypoventilation two weeks later. The procedure caused immediate and marked hypertension that was still raised by 55/35 and 50/20 mmHg several weeks after surgery. Heart rate rose 15-30 bpm. There was considerable lability but even at 61 weeks in one subject and 43 weeks in the other (the last occasions reported), blood pressure remained elevated.
Health-enhancing physical activity interventions in non-ambulatory people with severe motor impairments – a scoping review
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2023
Eveline S. Graf, Claudio Perret, Rob Labruyère, J. Carsten Möller, Markus Wirz
Investigations that conducted an endurance training protocol used either an arm crank ergometer (SCI, 9 studies, [38,41–43,50,51,56,58,63]), FES cycling (SCI, 8 studies, [37,45,52,54,55, 60–62]), combined FES cycling with an arm crank ergometer (SCI, 1 study, [35]), FES rowing (SCI, 1 study, [59]), wheelchair pushing on a treadmill (SCI, 1 study, [46]), body weight supported treadmill walking with FES (SCI, 1 study [40]) or manually assisted treadmill training (SCI, 2 studies [44,47]). When the training protocol involved both endurance and strength, two studies used FES rowing (SCI, [48,49]) or FES strength training (SCI, [36]), two studies did wheelchair rugby (SCI, [39,53]) and one study each used circuit training (SCI, [57]), or no special equipment (CI [31]). In the CP group, strength training was performed using devices available in a community gymnasium [32,33], while endurance training was done by performing wheelchair dancing and therefore not needing additional equipment [34]. One study did a specific strength training program for respiratory muscles using designated equipment. They performed training of the respiratory muscles in a randomized controlled trial in participants with SCI. Participants performed normocapnic hyperpnoea training, which included hyperventilating through partial re-breathing of ventilated air [64].
Fat mass index and airway hyperresponsiveness in Korean adults
Published in Postgraduate Medicine, 2023
Ji-Su Shim, Sun-Sin Kim, So-Hee Lee, Min-Hye Kim, Young-Joo Cho, Heung-Woo Park
This study had a few limitations. First, the study participants underwent health checkups at single center, which may have introduced selection bias. Participants who engage in unhealthy behaviors such as smoking may choose to receive additional tests like as MBPT, which may have introduced bias into the study results. Second, we could not completely exclude reasons for a false-positive result for MBPT such as respiratory infection [40]. In addition, we measured only direct AHR based on MBPT. Indirect challenges including exercise, eucapnic voluntary hyperpnea, hypertonic saline, or mannitol could identify additional individuals with AHR, as they are complementary to direct challenges and reflect active airway inflammation [41]. Third, we did not measure the serum levels of adipokines such as adiponectin and leptin which play important roles in the pathological changes in obese patients. Finally, we include a small number of participants. Only about 4% of participants developed AHR during follow-up. Due to the scarcity of previous studies, it is unclear whether or not this conversion rate is accurate. These limitations should be considered when interpreting our results.
The feasibility of eucapnic voluntary hyperpnoea for the diagnosis of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in a community pulmonary practice
Published in Journal of Asthma, 2022
Brandon Temte, Jason Wells, Crystal Clark, Jordan Lauw, John Mastronarde
Baseline spirometry was performed according to the American Thoracic Society standards (15). Patients were then instructed to breathe a mixture of dry compressed gas (5.0% CO2, 21.0% O2, and N2 balance content) in timed, rapid, deep breaths. The target rate was 85% of their maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV) per minute (calculated as 30 x baseline FEV1) for six minutes. For an EVH test to be considered adequate, the average minute ventilation over the six-minute testing period had to be >60% MVV (calculated as 21 x baseline FEV1). The gaseous mixture was channeled from a tank through the reservoir bag. The gas mixture then traveled through tubing and a two-way, low-resistance Hans Rudolph valve followed by the patient’s mouthpiece. A metronome was timed for 30 cycles per minute to assist the patient in achieving their target MVV. Spirometry was then performed at 3, 5, 10, 15, and 20 min post-hyperpnea challenge. All patients were monitored with continuous pulse oximetry throughout the hyperpnea challenge with maximal, average, and minimal SpO2 and heart rate recorded.