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Anesthesia Equipment
Published in Michele Barletta, Jane Quandt, Rachel Reed, Equine Anesthesia and Pain Management, 2023
Rachel Reed, Stephanie Kleine, Michele Barletta
Typically, the volume of the rebreathing bag used for a patient is calculated as five to ten times the tidal volume of the patient. Tidal volume is generally estimated to be 10–20 ml/kg. Fifteen- and 30-l rebreathing bags (Figure 1.19) are available for use in horses. A 5-l bag can be used for animals up to 200 kg of body weight.
Measuring and monitoring vital signs
Published in Nicola Neale, Joanne Sale, Developing Practical Nursing Skills, 2022
The person’s depth of breathing should be observed, which relates to the volume of air moving in and out of the respiratory tract with each breath – the tidal volume. An adult male’s tidal volume should be approximately 500 mL and a female’s, approximately 400 mL (Hallett et al. 2020). However, this can be altered to fit physiological needs, for example during exercise. The term hyperventilation refers to prolonged, rapid and deep ventilations that can occur during an anxiety attack, causing dizziness and fainting as the resulting low carbon dioxide level causes cerebral vasoconstriction.
Critical Care and Anaesthesia
Published in Tjun Tang, Elizabeth O'Riordan, Stewart Walsh, Cracking the Intercollegiate General Surgery FRCS Viva, 2020
Rajkumar Rajendram, Alex Joseph, John Davidson, Avinash Gobindram, Prit Anand Singh, Animesh JK Patel
What is high flow nasal oxygen therapy?High-flow nasal oxygen therapy is the delivery of warm, humidified medical gases at flows up to 60 L/min. This requires an oxygen/air blender, active humidification and a warmer. The FiO2 is set from 0.21 to 1.0 in a flow of up to 60 L/min at the gas blender.It provides continuous positive airway pressure and humidification. Although it does not affect tidal volume it increases alveolar ventilation by reducing anatomical dead space. The use of high-flow nasal oxygen therapy is increasing.
Respiratory management in the premature neonate
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2023
Vikramaditya Dumpa, Indirapriya Avulakunta, Vineet Bhandari
The modality refers to the target or limit variable of the mechanical inflation. There are two modalities of CMV: pressure-controlled (or pressure-limited), and volume-controlled. In pressure-controlled ventilation, a set peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) is delivered and the resultant tidal volume depends upon the lung mechanics and respiratory effort. Since the pressure is constant, the tidal volume changes depending on the pulmonary dynamics and care should be taken to adjust the PIP to avoid excessive tidal volumes and resultant lung injury. In volume-controlled ventilation, a set tidal volume is delivered and the pressure changes in inverse proportion to the lung compliance. However, the tidal volume is measured at the proximal end of the circuit and due to factors, such as compression of gas in the circuit, ETT leak, the delivered tidal volume into the lung is not the same as the set tidal volume. These features made it undesirable to use volume-controlled ventilation in neonates. However, with the advent of newer ventilators with microprocessors that are able to measure the flow at the proximal end of the ETT, and compensate for the circuit and ETT leaks, multiple variations of volume ventilation are now available. Volume targeted ventilation (VTV) is a pressure-limited form of volume ventilation that adjusts the PIP and/or time to target a set tidal volume. Different manufacturers have different terminology to denote VTV for e.g. Volume Guarantee on Dräger®, Pressure-Regulated Volume Control on Servo®, Targeted Tidal Volume Plus on SLE5000®, Volume Ventilation Plus on Puritan Bennett®, etc.
Effects of high intensity interval training on cardiorespiratory fitness and salivary levels of IL-8, IL-1ra, and IP-10 in adults with asthma and non-asthma controls
Published in Journal of Asthma, 2022
Carley D. O’Neill, Ilana Patlan, Michael Jeffery, Danielle Lewis, Michael Jenkins, Holly Jones-Taggart, Julia Green-Johnson, Shilpa Dogra
Asthma is characterized by acute bronchoconstriction and chronic inflammation (1). During aerobic exercise, ventilation (VE) increases causing the airways to cool and dry. This triggers acute bronchoconstriction in up to 90% of adults with asthma (2,3). The increase in VE during exercise occurs due to an increase in the respiratory rate (RR) and tidal volume (VT) in response to the increased demand for oxygen (O2) (4). In healthy adults, RR and VT increase with exercise intensity, while ventilatory efficiency (VE/VCO2) is reduced at high intensities due to an abundance of CO2 production (5,6). In adults with asthma, higher exercise intensity may induce hyperventilation, which further increases RR and reduces ventilatory efficiency (VE/VCO2) (7).
Risk assessment of components in tobacco smoke and e-cigarette aerosols: a pragmatic choice of dose metrics
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2021
Peter M. J. Bos, Lya G. Soeteman-Hernández, Reinskje Talhout
The following parameters are used in the approach; default values for these parameters are presented in Table 1. The Tidal Volume (TV) is the volume of air that is inhaled or exhaled during breathing at rest. The volume of air that remains in the lungs at the end of the exhalation phase in rest is called the Functional Residual Capacity (FRC). Default values considered to be average values for an average adult human being are 500 mL for TV and 2 L for FRC. Further, during a breathing cycle, approximately 30% of an inhaled volume of air will not reach the alveoli where gas exchange takes place, i.e. the dead space volume. Default parameter values on human smoking behavior are obtained from Djordjevic et al. (2000). After drawing a puff and one subsequent breathing-cycle, the interval until the next puff is set at 20 sec in smokers. Starting from a breathing-frequency at rest of 12 min−1, a 20-sec interval corresponds to four breathing cycles between puffs. Assuming thirteen puffs per cigarette, the time to smoke a cigarette lasts between 5 and 6 min.