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Fundamentals of Infrared Thermal Imaging
Published in U. Snekhalatha, K. Palani Thanaraj, Kurt Ammer, Artificial Intelligence-Based Infrared Thermal Image Processing and Its Applications, 2023
U. Snekhalatha, K. Palani Thanaraj, Kurt Ammer
Jakkaw and Onoye (2020) monitored the respiratory activity and body movements during the sleep using the thermal imaging technique. The breathing patterns are detected during sleeping and identifying the sleep disorders such as sleep apnea caused due to hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and arrhythmia. Hence, the authors demonstrated the non-contact method of respiratory and body movement detection using a thermal camera which detects the temperature changes due to breathing patterns. The thermal video frames of subjects in sleeping mode are considered the input images. The images are pre-processed using the Gaussian filter. In the respiration-monitoring method, ROIs are automatically detected from the input images by means of identifying the highest temperature point and massive portions of the high-temperature area. For automated ROI detection of the thermal image, sleeping position is considered. The highest temperature points are detected in the image by using minimum and maximum intensities found in the image. The maximum pixel intensities are associated with the highest temperature of the body. After determining the pixel at the center of the observation area, a rectangular ROI of pixel size either 10 × 10, 25 × 25, or 50 × 50 is applied. Among the ROI used, empirical research result shows that 50 × 50 pixels produced very good accuracy in compliance with an original frame 640 × 480. The massive portions of the high-temperature area are detected using the thresholding method. A threshold value of 176 was set, which produced best results in segregating the human skin area from the background.
Lifestyle and Diet
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is one of the three forms of sleep apnea which is characterized by short pauses in breathing or abnormally low breathing while asleep. Sleep apneas are divided into three categories: central, obstructive, and complex (a combination of obstructive and central sleep apneas). Central sleep apnea involves dysfunction of the central respiratory control centers in the brain (93). The most common type of sleep apnea is Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA). OSA is a breathing disorder that occurs during sleep, characterized by a partial or complete blockage of the upper airway. OSA is caused by the collapse of soft tissue and muscles in the upper airway between the hard plate and the larynx (98, 99). The apneic moment is usually terminated by a slight arousal, as well as an increase in sympathetic tone, as airway patency is re-established. OSA affects nearly 7% of the general population (93). Untreated OSA is associated with long-term health consequences including cardiovascular disease, metabolic disorders, cognitive impairment, and depression. Common symptoms include excessive daytime sleepiness, fatigue, non-refreshing sleep, nocturia, morning headache, irritability, and memory loss. Untreated OSA is also associated with lost productivity and workplace and motor vehicle accidents resulting in injury and fatality (99).
Other Complications of Diabetes
Published in Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo, Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo
Sleep apnea may be linked to diabetes, which can repeatedly stop airflow during breathing. Sleep apnea involves loud snoring and pauses in breathing. Overweight patients may have more fat deposits around their upper airways, which obstruct breathing. Untreated or undiagnosed sleep apnea has serious complications. These include diabetes, glaucoma, myocardial infarction, cancer, and cognitive or behavioral disorders.
Anti-inflammatory effects of paeoniflorin caused by regulation of the hif1a/miR-210/caspase1/GSDMD signaling pathway in astrocytes: a novel strategy for hypoxia-induced brain injury in rats
Published in Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 2021
Zhenxiu Jiang, Jun Chen, Jiangjun Chen, Zelin Lei, Hailin Chen, Jiqiang Wu, Xue Bai, Pingping Wanyan, Qin Yu
It is well known that obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) has been the most prevalent form of sleep-disordered breathing in recent years, which is characterized by recurrent attacks of total or partial upper airway obstruction during nocturnal sleep, causing frequent apnea and hypopnea. Various studies have shown that recurrent episodes of apnea and hypopnea cause a series of pathophysiological changes, such as chronic intermittent hypoxia, systemic inflammation and increased oxidative stress, as well as metabolic disorders [1]. In addition, OSAHS leads to severe clinical features, including CO2 retention, disordered sleep architecture and autonomic dysfunction. An epidemiological study showed that OSAHS is a high-risk factor for cerebrovascular diseases, including hypertension, atherosclerosis and stroke [2]. However, there is no effective drug to treat OSAHS.
Secondary erythrocytosis due to hemoglobin San Diego
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2021
In December 2014, a 37-year-old Hispanic man with known mild asthma presented to a local physician with a hemoglobin of 19.4 g/dL, platelet count of 178 × 109/L, and white blood cell count of 6.5 × 109/L. He had fatigue and intermittent headaches. Physical examination was unremarkable. Blood film revealed normal cellular morphology. Serum chemistry, erythropoietin, and testosterone were normal. Janus Kinase-2 mutations (including exon 12 and 13) were negative (Table 1). A sleep study ruled out sleep apnea. A bone marrow biopsy revealed normocellular marrow with trilineage hematopoiesis only. A bone marrow cytogenetic study revealed 46, XY in all 20 metaphases. Abdominal ultrasound ruled out masses, cysts, or hepatosplenomegaly. The asthma appeared to be too mild to be the culprit for SE. He was diagnosed with SE of unknown etiology and underwent intermittent therapeutic phlebotomy until mid-2019.
The Case Against Solicitation of Consent for Apnea Testing
Published in The American Journal of Bioethics, 2020
There are numerous ethical and legal considerations associated with the question of whether consent should be required prior to apnea testing. We thank Berkowitz and Garrett for their contribution to the literature on this topic (Berkowitz and Garrett 2020). We believe that universal legal clarification about both the need for consent and management of dissent is warranted to ensure practice does not vary from patient to patient, hospital to hospital and state to state. It is necessary to keep in mind the fact that apnea testing is neither akin to any other medical procedure nor to treatment. Rather, it is a unique process that clarifies whether or not a person still exists, and that this process has been proven to be low risk when guidelines are followed and prerequisites are met. As such, we disagree with the need for informed consent before apnea testing, and note that this would have profound consequences.