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Bronchitis (Acute)
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Bronchitis is an infection causing inflammation or swelling of the mucus membranes on the bronchiole tubes (large and medium-sized airways). Cough is the predominant and defining symptom of acute bronchitis.1 Acute bronchitis also results in excess mucus production. Bronchitis is often caused by bacterial or viral infections and typically is self-limiting with complete healing and return to normal function in two to three weeks. However, because the cough associated with bronchitis is so bothersome and slow to resolve, many patients seek treatment.1
COVID-19 Pandemic and Traditional Chinese Medicines
Published in Hanadi Talal Ahmedah, Muhammad Riaz, Sagheer Ahmed, Marius Alexandru Moga, The Covid-19 Pandemic, 2023
Roheena Abdullah, Ayesha Toor, Hina Qaiser, Afshan Kaleem, Mehwish Iqtedar, Tehreema Iftikhar, Muhammad Riaz, Dou Deqiang
This injection constitutes of Artemisia annua, Flos Lonicerae and Gardeniae Fructus and has anti-pyretic, -viral, and -inflammatory pharmacological properties. In treatment of upper respiratory tract infection and acute Bronchitis has shown to be effective [21, 34]. Reduning injection in combination with biapenem has a better curative effect to treat critical pneumonia and improves patients’ symptoms such as: improved lung function and blood gas indexes and reduced serum inflammatory factor levels [21].
Tracheal and Bronchial Developmental Abnormalities, and Inflammatory Diseases including Bronchiectasis, Cystic Fibrosis and Bronchiolitis.
Published in Fred W Wright, Radiology of the Chest and Related Conditions, 2022
Acute bronchitis is commonly initiated by a viral infection, which in turn is often complicated by a bacterial infection, of multiple organisms. The chronic condition is particularly common in smokers (in whom nicotine may inhibit polymorphs and proteases). Damage to the ciliary epithelium in smokers is discussed on ps. 24.13 - 14. This allows the ingress of pathogens such as Rhinophyllia cattharalis, Pneumococcus (esp. type 3) and Haemophilus influenzae into the normally protective mucus layer, and excessive mucus production. Chronic bronchitis may also lead to bronchial wall thickening, enlarged bronchial mucous glands and epithelial metaplasia. Spasm of smooth muscle in the smaller bronchial and bronchiolar walls may lead to air trapping and emphysema. Damage and emphysema may also result from proteolytic enzymes (overwhelming anti-proteases e.g. α1 antitrypsin) and the release of free oxygen radicals (see above).
Antibiotic use among hospitalized children with lower respiratory tract infections: a multicenter, retrospective study from Punjab, Pakistan
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2022
Zia Ul Mustafa, Muhammad Salman, Naeem Aslam, Noman Asif, Khalid Hussain, Naureen Shehzadi, Khezar Hayat
Acute bronchitis is a self-limiting illness that requires only symptomatic and supportive therapy. However, it is one of the common viral infections treated with antibiotics in health-care settings [37]. Viral etiology accounts for more than 90%, and a systematic review related to antibiotic use for acute bronchitis has shown that antibiotics were no more effective in acute bronchitis [38]. In our study, we found that all children suffering from acute bronchitis were prescribed antibiotics. This was in contrast to the study reported in Russia, in which 70% of children diagnosed with acute bronchitis were prescribed antibiotics [39]. Chronic bronchitis was another illness encountered by our study population, and only inhaled antibiotics could be prescribed in this condition. Still, our study revealed that all children were prescribed oral or intravenous antibiotics for chronic bronchitis. Our findings were contrary to an earlier study conducted in the Netherlands, which reported only 40% antibiotic prescription in similar situations [40]. In viral bronchiolitis, antibiotics can only be given in children with bacterial co-infection. In our study, all children diagnosed with bronchiolitis were given antibiotics regardless of the bacterial co-infection or not. Data from the United States showed that only one-fourth of children diagnosed with bronchiolitis were given antibiotics [41].
Effectiveness and tolerability of the thyme/ivy herbal fluid extract BNO 1200 for the treatment of acute cough: an observational pharmacy-based study
Published in Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2021
Peter Kardos, Claudia B. Bittner, Jan Seibel, Dimitri Abramov-Sommariva, Surinder S. Birring
Acute cough is one of the most common symptoms of acute bronchitis and common cold1. Although the majority of cases are self-limiting without any long-term sequelae, acute cough has a considerable impact on patients’ quality of life (QoL) and is often associated with absenteeism from work and loss of productivity2,3. Due to its predominantly viral nature, treatment of acute cough with antibiotics is not appropriate4–6 and fosters the occurrence of side effects and increasing bacterial resistance7. Symptomatic treatment is indicated to relieve the considerable discomfort of the patients1,4,8. Over-the-counter (OTC) products from the pharmacy are widely used for treatment of acute cough, e.g. in Germany9, amongst them herbal remedies.
Inhalation dosimetry of nasally inhaled respiratory aerosols in the human respiratory tract with locally remodeled conducting lungs
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2021
Xiuhua April Si, Mohamed Talaat, Wei-Chung Su, Jinxiang Xi
The respiratory tract is the main site for the invasion and infection by airborne pathogens. Acute bronchitis and bronchiolitis are often caused by viral respiratory infections, which are most common in winter via airborne transmission and have been the common causes of hospitalization in young, elderly, and immune deficient subjects. These susceptible groups represent 74% of the mortality associated with low respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) (Troeger et al. 2017). Respiratory syncytial virus, influenza, parainfluenza, and the more recent coronavirus are among the major viruses that cause LRTI (Adair 2009). The viral invasion starts from the upper respiratory tract such as the nasopharynx (NP) and progresses to lower airways where viral replication and cell destruction evoke bronchitis, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia, causing significant morbidity and mortality. Respiratory diseases, either acute or chronic, often alter the lung structure (e.g. changing bifurcation angles or obstructing airways) due to inflamed tissues, mucus over-secretion, cell necrosis, and smooth muscle tightening (Montesantos et al. 2013; Kim et al. 2020). The symptoms of asthma, one of the most common major global health problems, include reversible airway obstruction and bronchial hyper-responsiveness. Irreversible lung structure remodeling can result from COPD, bronchitis, bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis, etc. (Lourenço et al. 1972).